<?xml version="1.1" encoding="utf-8"?>
<article xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/xsd/JATS-journalpublishing1-mathml3.xsd" dtd-version="1.1" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">CR</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Cardiovascular Reviews</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn>3083-4880</issn><eissn>2981-8109</eissn><publisher><publisher-name>Bio-Byword Scientific Publishing Pty. Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26689/cr.v4i2.15400</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title>Insulin and Cardiovascular Health: New Insights in the Field of Coronary Heart Disease Complicated with Type 2 Diabetes</title><url>https://artdesignp.com/journal/CR/4/2/10.26689/cr.v4i2.15400</url><author>YangPengfei,ZhangShuang,MingFurong,ZhangYaru,ZhuHaoran,CaoYong,ShenCheng</author><pub-date pub-type="publication-year"><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><issue>2</issue><history><date date-type="pub"><published-time>2026-06-30</published-time></date></history><abstract>Insulin is currently a crucial treatment for treating type 2 diabetes and plays a significant role in improving the prognosis of patients. When patients with cardiovascular disease who also have type 2 diabetes, the all-cause mortality rate increases by approximately 1.5 times. Consequently, many patients choose insulin as a treatment method for type 2 diabetes. However, the effects and mechanisms of insulin treatment on cardiovascular disease are rarely discussed. This review systematically explores the role and mechanisms of insulin and its related receptors in the progression of cardiovascular disease in patients with both conditions. It focuses on the impact of insulin on coronary plaques, cardiovascular neogenesis, and myocardium, aiming to guide clinical treatment and improve patient outcomes.</abstract><keywords/></article-meta></front><body/><back><ref-list><ref id="B1" content-type="article"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Schofield JD, Liu Y, Rao-Balakrishna P, et al., 2016, Diabetes Dyslipidemia. Diabetes Therapy, 7(2): 203–219.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B2" content-type="article"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Haffner SM, Stern MP, Hazuda HP, et al., 1990, Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Confirmed Prediabetic Individuals. Does the Clock for Coronary Heart Disease Start Ticking Before the Onset of Clinical Diabetes? JAMA, 263(21): 2893–2898.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B3" content-type="article"><label>3</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Mottillo S, Filion KB, Genest J, et al., 2010, The Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Risk. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 56(14): 1113–1132.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B4" content-type="article"><label>4</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Ferrannini E, Natali A, Bell P, et al., 1997, Insulin Resistance and Hypersecretion in Obesity. European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR). Journal of Clinical Investigation, 100(5): 1166–1173.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B5" content-type="article"><label>5</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Sigfrids FJ, Lithovius R, Groop PH, et al., 2025, Lessons Learned from the FinnDiane Study: Epidemiology and Metabolic Risk Factors for Diabetic Kidney Disease in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetic Medicine, 42(2): e15431.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B6" content-type="article"><label>6</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Herman ME, O’Keefe JH, Bell DSH, et al., 2017, Insulin Therapy Increases Cardiovascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetes. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 60(3): 422–434.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B7" content-type="article"><label>7</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Bittencourt MS, Hajjar LA, 2015, Insulin Therapy in Insulin Resistance: Could It Be Part of a Lethal Pathway? Atherosclerosis, 240(2): 400–401.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B8" content-type="article"><label>8</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Ross R, 1999, Atherosclerosis—An Inflammatory Disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 340(2): 115–126.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B9" content-type="article"><label>9</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Madonna R, Caterina RD, 2017, Prolonged Exposure to High Insulin Impairs the Endothelial PI3-Kinase/Akt/Nitric Oxide Signaling. Thrombosis and Hemostasis, 101(2): 345–350.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B10" content-type="article"><label>10</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Cybulsky MI, Iiyama K, Li H, et al., 2001, A Major Role for VCAM-1, but Not ICAM-1, in Early Atherosclerosis. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 107(10): 1255–1262.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B11" content-type="article"><label>11</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Luc G, Arveiler D, Evans A, et al., 2003, Circulating Soluble Adhesion Molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 and Incident Coronary Heart Disease: The PRIME Study. Atherosclerosis, 170(1): 169–176.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B12" content-type="article"><label>12</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Blann AD, McCollum CN, 1994, Circulating Endothelial Cell/Leukocyte Adhesion Molecules in Atherosclerosis. Thrombosis and Hemostasis, 72(1): 151–154.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B13" content-type="article"><label>13</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Squadrito F, Saitta A, Altavilla D, et al., 1996, Thrombolytic Therapy with Urokinase Reduces Increased Circulating Endothelial Adhesion Molecules in Acute Myocardial Infarction. Inflammation Research, 45(1): 14–19.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B14" content-type="article"><label>14</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Mulvihill N, 2002, Prediction of Cardiovascular Risk Using Soluble Cell Adhesion Molecules. European Heart Journal, 23(20): 1569–1574.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B15" content-type="article"><label>15</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Zheng F, Chevalier JA, Zhang LQ, et al., 2001, An HphI Polymorphism in the E-Selectin Gene Is Associated with Premature Coronary Artery Disease. Clinical Genetics, 59(1): 58–64.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B16" content-type="article"><label>16</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>El-Mesallamy HO, Hamdy NM, Salman TM, et al., 2011, Adiponectin and E-Selectin Concentrations in Relation to Inflammation in Obese Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Coronary Heart Disease(s). Minerva Endocrinologica, 36(3): 163–170.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B17" content-type="article"><label>17</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Okouchi M, Okayama N, Imai S, et al., 2002, High Insulin Enhances Neutrophil Transendothelial Migration Through Increasing Surface Expression of Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 via Activation of Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase. Diabetologia, 45(10): 1449–1456.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B18" content-type="article"><label>18</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Bellosta S, Via D, Canavesi M, et al., 1998, HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors Reduce MMP-9 Secretion by Macrophages. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 18(11): 1671–1678.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B19" content-type="article"><label>19</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Chistiakov DA, Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV, 2016, Endothelial PECAM-1 and Its Function in Vascular Physiology and Atherogenic Pathology. Experimental and Molecular Pathology, 100(3): 409–415.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B20" content-type="article"><label>20</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Fang L, Wei H, Chowdhury SH, et al., 2005, Association of Leu125Val Polymorphism of Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (PECAM-1) Gene &amp; Soluble Level of PECAM-1 with Coronary Artery Disease in Asian Indians. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 121(2): 92–99.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B21" content-type="article"><label>21</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Oppenheimer-Marks N, Davis LS, Bogue DT, et al., 1991, Differential Utilization of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 During the Adhesion and Transendothelial Migration of Human T Lymphocytes. Journal of Immunology, 147(9): 2913–2921.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B22" content-type="article"><label>22</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Dejana E, Spagnuolo R, Bazzoni G, 2001, Interendothelial Junctions and Their Role in the Control of Angiogenesis, Vascular Permeability and Leukocyte Transmigration. Thrombosis and Hemostasis, 86(1): 308–315.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B23" content-type="article"><label>23</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Schenkel AR, Mamdouh Z, Chen X, et al., 2002, CD99 Plays a Major Role in the Migration of Monocytes Through Endothelial Junctions. Nature Immunology, 3(2): 143–150.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B24" content-type="article"><label>24</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Rattan V, Sultana C, Shen Y, et al., 1997, Oxidant Stress-Induced Transendothelial Migration of Monocytes Is Linked to Phosphorylation of PECAM-1. American Journal of Physiology, 273(3 Pt 1): E453–E461.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B25" content-type="article"><label>25</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Ahmed B, Sultana R, Greene MW, 2021, Adipose Tissue and Insulin Resistance in Obese. Biomedicine &amp; Pharmacotherapy, 137: 111315.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B26" content-type="article"><label>26</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Zhang GW, Gu T, Guan X, et al., 2015, HGF and IGF-1 Promote Protective Effects of Allogeneic BMSC Transplantation in Rabbit Model of Acute Myocardial Infarction. Cell Proliferation, 48(6): 661–670.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B27" content-type="article"><label>27</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Gong H, Wang X, Wang L, et al., 2017, Inhibition of IGF-1 Receptor Kinase Blocks the Differentiation into Cardiomyocyte-Like Cells of BMSCs Induced by IGF-1. Molecular Medicine Reports, 16(1): 787–793.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B28" content-type="article"><label>28</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Junior LW, Lima JD, Somensi AG, et al., 2024, Metabolic Reprogramming of Macrophages in the Context of Type 2 Diabetes. European Journal of Medical Research, 29(1): 497.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B29" content-type="article"><label>29</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Walker AB, Dores J, Buckingham RE, et al., 1997, Impaired Insulin-Induced Attenuation of Noradrenaline-Mediated Vasoconstriction in Insulin-Resistant Obese Zucker Rats. Clinical Science, 93(3): 235–241.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B30" content-type="article"><label>30</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Fan Y, Yan Z, Li T, et al., 2024, Primordial Drivers of Diabetes Heart Disease: Comprehensive Insights into Insulin Resistance. Diabetes &amp; Metabolism Journal, 48(1): 19–36.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B31" content-type="article"><label>31</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Kastrati A, Koch W, Berger PB, et al., 2000, Protective Role Against Restenosis from an Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Gene Polymorphism in Patients Treated with Coronary Stenting. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 36(7): 2168–2173.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B32" content-type="article"><label>32</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Burzynski LC, Morales-Maldonado A, Rodgers A, et al., 2023, Thrombin-Activated Interleukin-1α Drives Atherogenesis, but Also Promotes Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Collagen Production. Cardiovascular Research, 119(12): 2179–2189.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B33" content-type="article"><label>33</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Iida KT, Shimano H, Kawakami Y, et al., 2001, Insulin Up-Regulates Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Production in Macrophages through an Extracellular-Regulated Kinase-Dependent Pathway. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276(35): 32531–32537.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B34" content-type="article"><label>34</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Li Q, Fu J, Park K, et al., 2024, Insulin Receptors in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Regulate Plaque Stability of Atherosclerosis. Cardiovascular Research, 120(16): 2017–2030.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B35" content-type="article"><label>35</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Khera AV, Kathiresan S, 2017, Genetics of Coronary Artery Disease: Discovery, Biology and Clinical Translation. Nature Reviews Genetics, 18(6): 331–344.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B36" content-type="article"><label>36</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Chung AWY, Morizzo C, Palombo C, et al., 2009, Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 and -9 Exacerbate Arterial Stiffening and Angiogenesis in Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease. Cardiovascular Research, 84(3): 494–504.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B37" content-type="article"><label>37</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Matsuo Y, Tanaka M, Yamakage H, et al., 2015, Thrombospondin 1 as a Novel Biological Marker of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome. Metabolism, 64(11): 1490–1499.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B38" content-type="article"><label>38</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Li F, Xia K, Sheikh MSA, et al., 2014, Involvement of RBP4 in Hyperinsulinism-Induced Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation. Endocrine, 48(2): 472–482.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B39" content-type="article"><label>39</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Nogi M, Kawakami R, Ishihara S, et al., 2020, Low Insulin Is an Independent Predictor of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Death in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Patients Without Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of the American Heart Association, 9(10): e015393.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B40" content-type="article"><label>40</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Rahman A, Jafry S, Jeejeebhoy K, et al., 2016, Malnutrition and Cachexia in Heart Failure. JPEN Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 40(4): 475–486.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B41" content-type="article"><label>41</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Cook SA, Varela-Carver A, et al., 2010, Abnormal Myocardial Insulin Signaling in Type 2 Diabetes and Left-Ventricular Dysfunction. European Heart Journal, 31(1): 100–111.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B42" content-type="article"><label>42</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Glatz JFC, Luiken JJFP, Bonen A, 2010, Membrane Fatty Acid Transporters as Regulators of Lipid Metabolism: Implications for Metabolic Disease. Physiological Reviews, 90(1): 367–417.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B43" content-type="article"><label>43</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Luong TVT, Yang S, Kim J, 2025, Lipotoxicity as a Therapeutic Target in the Type 2 Diabetic Heart. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, 201: 105–121.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B44" content-type="article"><label>44</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Congur I, Mingrone G, Guan K, 2025, Targeting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Metabolism, 162: 156062.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B45" content-type="article"><label>45</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Mangali S, Bhat A, Udumula MP, et al., 2019, Inhibition of Protein Kinase R Protects Against Palmitic Acid-Induced Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis through the JNK/NF-kB/NLRP3 Pathway in Cultured H9C2 Cardiomyocytes. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 120(3): 3651–3663.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B46" content-type="article"><label>46</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Zheng L, Li B, Lin S, et al., 2019, Role and Mechanism of Cardiac Insulin Resistance in Occurrence of Heart Failure Caused by Myocardial Hypertrophy. Aging (Albany NY), 11(16): 6584–6590.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B47" content-type="article"><label>47</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Kretzschmar T, Wu JMF, Schulze PC, 2021, Mitochondrial Homeostasis Mediates Lipotoxicity in the Failing Myocardium. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(3).</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B48" content-type="article"><label>48</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Ishii T, Kobayakawa T, Matsuda K, et al., 2024, Discovery of Potent DAG-Lactone Derivatives as HIV Latency Reversing Agents. ACS Infectious Diseases, 10(6): 2250–2261.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B49" content-type="article"><label>49</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Guo CA, Guo S, 2017, Insulin Receptor Substrate Signaling Controls Cardiac Energy Metabolism and Heart Failure. Journal of Endocrinology, 233(3): R131–R143.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B50" content-type="article"><label>50</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Kannel WB, Hjortland M, Castelli WP, 1974, Role of Diabetes in Congestive Heart Failure: The Framingham Study. American Journal of Cardiology, 34(1): 29–34.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B51" content-type="article"><label>51</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Mei J, Li Y, Dong J, et al., 2023, Impacts of Obesity on Global Subclinical Left Cardiac Function Represented by CMR-Derived Myocardial Strain, TyG Index May Be a Predictor. Scientific Reports, 13(1): 16031.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B52" content-type="article"><label>52</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Qi Y, Zhang K, Wu Y, et al., 2014, Novel Mechanism of Blood Pressure Regulation by Forkhead Box Class O1-Mediated Transcriptional Control of Hepatic Angiotensinogen. Hypertension, 64(5): 1131–1140.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B53" content-type="article"><label>53</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Fu Q, Xu B, Liu Y, et al., 2014, Insulin Inhibits Cardiac Contractility by Inducing a Gi-Biased β2-Adrenergic Signaling in Hearts. Diabetes, 63(8): 2676–2689.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B54" content-type="article"><label>54</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Wang Q, Liu Y, Fu Q, et al., 2017, Inhibiting Insulin-Mediated β2-Adrenergic Receptor Activation Prevents Diabetes-Associated Cardiac Dysfunction. Circulation, 135(1): 73–88.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B55" content-type="article"><label>55</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Ruiz-Velasco A, Zi M, Hille SS, et al., 2020, Targeting mir128-3p Alleviates Myocardial Insulin Resistance and Prevents Ischemia-Induced Heart Failure. eLife, 9.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B56" content-type="article"><label>56</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>de Las Heras N, Lahera V, 2022, Relevance of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Heart Disease Associated with Insulin Resistance Conditions. Pflügers Archiv, 474(1): 21–31.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B57" content-type="article"><label>57</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Bukhari AAS, Zhang X, Li M, et al., 2020, Cofilin Participates in Regulating Alpha-Epithelial Sodium Channel by Interaction with 14-3-3 Isoforms. The Journal of Biomedical Research, 34(5).</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B58" content-type="article"><label>58</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Bertomeu-Gonzalez V, Fácila L, Palau P, et al., 2020, Effect of Insulin on Readmission for Heart Failure Following a Hospitalization for Acute Heart Failure. ESC Heart Failure, 7(6): 3320–3328.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B59" content-type="article"><label>59</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Cosmi F, Shen L, Magnoli M, et al., 2018, Treatment with Insulin Is Associated with Worse Outcome in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure and Diabetes. European Journal of Heart Failure, 20(5): 888–895.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B60" content-type="article"><label>60</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Felker GM, O’Connor CM, Braunwald E, 2009, Loop Diuretics in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure. Circulation: Heart Failure, 2(1): 56–62.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B61" content-type="article"><label>61</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Fitchett D, Zinman B, Wanner C, et al., 2016, Heart Failure Outcomes with Empagliflozin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes at High Cardiovascular Risk: Results of the EMPA-REG OUTCOME® Trial. European Heart Journal, 37(19): 1526–1534.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B62" content-type="article"><label>62</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Pfeifle B, Ditschuneit H, 1981, Effect of Insulin on Growth of Cultured Human Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells. Diabetologia, 20(2): 155–158.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B63" content-type="article"><label>63</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Begum N, Song Y, Rienzie J, et al., 1998, Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Growth and Insulin Regulation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in Hypertension. American Journal of Physiology, 275(1): C42–C49.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B64" content-type="article"><label>64</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Su XL, Wang Y, Zhang W, et al., 2011, Insulin-Mediated Upregulation of KCa3.1 Channels Promotes Cell Migration and Proliferation in Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, 51(1): 51–57.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B65" content-type="article"><label>65</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Zhang Z, Guo R, Lv J, et al., 2017, MicroRNA-99a Inhibits Insulin-Induced Proliferation, Migration, Dedifferentiation, and Rapamycin Resistance of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells by Inhibiting Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Receptor and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 486(2): 414–422.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B66" content-type="article"><label>66</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Peng Y, Cai P, Zou SF, et al., 2021, High Dose Insulin Promotes the Proliferation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells via AP-1/SM-α Pathway. Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents, 35(3): 1029–1040.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B67" content-type="article"><label>67</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Sukhanov S, Higashi Y, Shai SY, et al., 2018, SM22α (Smooth Muscle Protein 22-α) Promoter-Driven IGF1R (Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor) Deficiency Promotes Atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 38(10): 2306–2317.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B68" content-type="article"><label>68</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Rensing KL, Thüsen JH, Weijers EM, et al., 2012, Endothelial Insulin Receptor Expression in Human Atherosclerotic Plaques: Linking Micro- and Macrovascular Disease in Diabetes? Atherosclerosis, 222(1): 208–215.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B69" content-type="article"><label>69</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Kondo T, Vicent D, Suzuma K, et al., 2003, Knockout of Insulin and IGF-1 Receptors on Vascular Endothelial Cells Protects Against Retinal Neovascularization. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 111(12): 1835–1842.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B70" content-type="article"><label>70</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Wang Z, Zhang L, Li L, et al., 2022, Loss of OTUD6B Stimulates Angiogenesis and Promotes Diabetic Atherosclerosis. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 15: 3027–3038.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B71" content-type="article"><label>71</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Li F, Xia K, Sheikh MSA, et al., 2014, Retinol Binding Protein 4 Promotes Hyperinsulinism-Induced Proliferation of Rat Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells. Molecular Medicine Reports, 9(5): 1634–1640.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B72" content-type="article"><label>72</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Duan H, Feng X, Huang X, 2021, Effects of Insulin on the Proliferation and Global Gene Expression Profile of A7r5 Cells. Molecular Biology Reports, 48(2): 1205–1215.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B73" content-type="article"><label>73</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Cochain C, Channon KM, Silvestre J-S, 2013, Angiogenesis in the Infarcted Myocardium. Antioxidants &amp; Redox Signaling, 18(9): 1100–1113.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B74" content-type="article"><label>74</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Gan QF, Lim Y, Foo CN, et al., 2023, Incorporating Insulin Growth Factor-1 into Regenerative and Personalized Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review. Current Stem Cell Research &amp; Therapy, 18(2): 202–215.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B75" content-type="article"><label>75</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Fu Jialin, Yu MG, Li Qian, et al., 2021, Insulin’s Actions on Vascular Tissues: Physiological Effects and Pathophysiological Contributions to Vascular Complications of Diabetes. Mol Metab, 52: 101236.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B76" content-type="article"><label>76</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Nam CY, Byrne CD, Kaski JC, et al., 2016, Insulin in Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Narrative Review with Contemporary Perspectives. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy, 30(5): 493–504.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B77" content-type="article"><label>77</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Angelidis C, Deftereos S, Giannopoulos G, et al., 2013, Cystatin C: An Emerging Biomarker in Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Top Med Chem, 13(2): 164–179.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B78" content-type="article"><label>78</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Hellings WE, Peeters W, Moll FL, et al., 2010, Composition of Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque Is Associated With Cardiovascular Outcome. Circulation, 121(17): 1941–1950.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B79" content-type="article"><label>79</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Virmani R, Kolodgie FD, Burke AP, et al., 2005, Atherosclerotic Plaque Progression and Vulnerability to Rupture. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 25(10): 2054–2061.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
