<?xml version="1.1" encoding="utf-8"?>
<article xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/xsd/JATS-journalpublishing1-mathml3.xsd" dtd-version="1.1" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IEF</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Education Forum</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn>3083-4902</issn><eissn>2981-8605</eissn><publisher><publisher-name>Bio-Byword Scientific Publishing Pty. Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26689/ief.v3i12.13474</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title>22-Year Trajectory Changes in Professional Commitment Level Among Chinese University Students: A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis (2003-2024)</title><url>https://artdesignp.com/journal/IEF/3/12/10.26689/ief.v3i12.13474</url><author>LiShunyu,TanXiaoli</author><pub-date pub-type="publication-year"><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>3</volume><issue>12</issue><history><date date-type="pub"><published-time>2025-12-31</published-time></date></history><abstract>Since the expansion of higher education enrollment in 1999, the gross enrollment ratio of university students in China has increased from 15% in 2002 to 65% in 2024. In the context of this expansion, it is imperative to investigate the historical trends in professional commitment among university students. Utilizing a longitudinal historical meta-analysis approach, this study compiled data on the levels of professional commitment among university students over the past 22 years. The analysis revealed a consistent increase in the levels of professional commitment and its dimensions, namely, affective commitment, idealistic commitment, and continuance commitment, over time. Additionally, this research examined the predictive role of various social indicators on professional commitment among university students, identifying significant factors such as national higher education funding, per capita higher education expenditure, student-to-faculty ratios, the proportion of faculty with advanced titles, full-time faculty, and the number and scope of research and development institutions and projects. Further exploration of subgroup differences revealed no significant differences in professional commitment between female and female students, although the trend of increase was slightly higher among females. When comparing students across academic years, a stepwise increase in professional commitment was observed with advancing grade levels.</abstract><keywords/></article-meta></front><body/><back><ref-list><ref id="B1" content-type="article"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Teng C, Dai Y, Shyu Y, et al., 2009, Professional Commitment, Patient Safety, and Patient-Perceived Care Quality. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 41(3): 301–309.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B2" content-type="article"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>García-Moyano L, Altisent R, Pellicer-García B, et al., 2019, A Concept Analysis of Professional Commitment in Nursing. Nursing Ethics, 26(3): 778–797.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B3" content-type="article"><label>3</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Wu L, Lian R, 2005, A Study on Professional Commitment and Learning Styles of Contemporary College Students. Journal of Psychological Science, (4): 872–876.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B4" content-type="article"><label>4</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Tinto V, 2012, Leaving College: Rethinking the Causes and Cures of Student Attrition, thesis, University of Chicago Press.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B5" content-type="article"><label>5</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Super D, 1980, A Life-Span, Life-Space Approach to Career Development. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 16(3): 282–298.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B6" content-type="article"><label>6</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Allen J, Robbins S, 2008, Prediction of College Major Persistence Based on Vocational Interests, Academic Preparation, and First-Year Academic Performance. Research in Higher Education, 49: 62–79.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B7" content-type="article"><label>7</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Luo Y, Liu Y, Liu Y, 2008, An Investigation on Professional Commitment of College Students. Higher Education Exploration, (2): 120–123.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B8" content-type="article"><label>8</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Lian R, Yang L, Wu L, 2006, Professional Commitment and Learning Burnout of College Students. Journal of Psychological Science, 29(1): 47–51.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B9" content-type="article"><label>9</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Yan Y, 2008, An Empirical Study on Professional Commitment of College Students. Journal of Hubei University (Philosophy and Social Sciences), 35(6): 134–138.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B10" content-type="article"><label>10</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Peng C, Luo R, 2007, Investigation on Professional Commitment and Influencing Factors of Local University Students. Jiangxi Educational Research, 35(2): 43–45.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B11" content-type="article"><label>11</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Nesje K, 2015, Nursing Students’ Prosocial Motivation: Does It Predict Professional Commitment and Involvement in the Job? Journal of Advanced Nursing, 71(1): 115–125.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B12" content-type="article"><label>12</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Elias R, 2007, The Relationship Between Auditing Students’ Anticipatory Socialization and Their Professional Commitment. Academy of Educational Leadership Journal, 11(1): 81.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B13" content-type="article"><label>13</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Liu J, 2025, An Empirical Study on the Influence of Self-Efficacy on Professional Affective Commitment of College Students. University, (5): 160–163.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B14" content-type="article"><label>14</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Deng L, Ding Z, Liu Z, 2013, Relationship Between Psychological Capital and Employment Orientation of Postgraduates: A Case Study of Universities in Beijing, Xiamen and Shenyang. Journal of Graduate Education Research, (3): 63–66.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B15" content-type="article"><label>15</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Becker H, 1960, Notes on the Concept of Commitment. American Journal of Sociology, 66: 32–40.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B16" content-type="article"><label>16</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Allen N, Meyer J, 1990, The Measurement and Antecedents of Affective, Continuance and Normative Commitment to the Organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(1): 1–18.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B17" content-type="article"><label>17</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Mowday R, Steers R, Porter L, 1979, The Measurement of Organizational Commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14(2): 224–247.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B18" content-type="article"><label>18</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Morrow P, Wirth R, 1989, Work Commitment Among Salaried Professionals. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 34(1): 40–56.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B19" content-type="article"><label>19</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Lian R, Wu L, 2005, Relationship Between Professional Commitment and Learning Burnout of Undergraduates and Scale Development. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 37(5): 632.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B20" content-type="article"><label>20</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Page M, McKenzie J, Bossuyt P, et al., 2021, The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews. BMJ, 372: n71.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B21" content-type="article"><label>21</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Hou J, Xin Z, Huang S, et al., 2015, Principles, Methods, and Demographic Applications of Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis. Population Research, 39(1): 104–112.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B22" content-type="article"><label>22</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Twenge J, 2000, The Age of Anxiety? The Birth Cohort Change in Anxiety and Neuroticism, 1952–1993. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(6): 1007–1021.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B23" content-type="article"><label>23</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Cohen J, 2013, Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Routledge, London.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B24" content-type="article"><label>24</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Lent R, Brown S, Hackett G, 1994, Toward a Unifying Social Cognitive Theory of Career and Academic Interest, Choice, and Performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, (1): 79–122.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B25" content-type="article"><label>25</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Fronda D, Labrague L, 2022, Turnover Intention and Coronaphobia Among Frontline Nurses During the Second Surge of COVID-19: The Mediating Role of Social Support and Coping Skills. Journal of Nursing Management, 30(3): 612–621.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B26" content-type="article"><label>26</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>El-Bahnasawy H, Al Hadid L, Fayed N, 2021, Influence of the Perceived Educational Environment on Future Career Planning among Nursing Students in Egypt. Child Health Nursing Research, 27(1): 86.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B27" content-type="article"><label>27</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Hu X Q, 2025, The Mediating Effect of Psychological Capital Between Professional Commitment and Employment Anxiety of College Students. Journal of Shangluo University, 39(1): 83–91.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B28" content-type="article"><label>28</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Tian J, Miklay A, Waili G, 2022, Study on the Relationship Among Learning Motivation, Professional Commitment and Professional Devotion of Students Majoring in Agricultural Science. Western China Quality Education, 8(7): 147–150.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B29" content-type="article"><label>29</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Sun X, Ma C, Zhao M, 2024, Current Situation and Influencing Factors of Professional Cognition and Recognition Among Preventive Medicine Undergraduates. Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences), 62(12): 109–116.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B30" content-type="article"><label>30</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Yang W, Lu Y, Cui Y, 2024, Discussion on Sources and Coping Strategies of Employment Pressure for College Students. Heilongjiang Science, 15(19): 54–56.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B31" content-type="article"><label>31</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Fu R, 2008, The Influence of Peer Group on Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy of College Students. Ideological &amp; Theoretical Education, (7): 78–82.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B32" content-type="article"><label>32</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Yan S, Zhang T, Yue C, et al., 2025, Impact of Public Education Fiscal Investment on Employment Satisfaction of Higher Vocational Graduates: Empirical Analysis Based on National College Graduate Employment Survey. Journal of Chongqing Higher Education Research, 1–17.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B33" content-type="article"><label>33</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Li L G, 2024, Optimization of China’s Higher Education Structure and Cultivation of Scientific Talents. China Higher Education Research, (12): 1–5.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
