<?xml version="1.1" encoding="utf-8"?>
<article xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/xsd/JATS-journalpublishing1-mathml3.xsd" dtd-version="1.1" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IEF</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Education Forum</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn>3083-4902</issn><eissn>2981-8605</eissn><publisher><publisher-name>Bio-Byword Scientific Publishing Pty. Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26689/ief.v3i5.10695</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title>Enhancing the Comprehension Level of Key Stage 2 Learners Through Multimodal Reading Strategies in Calatagan Sub-office</title><url>https://artdesignp.com/journal/IEF/3/5/10.26689/ief.v3i5.10695</url><author>Gaa, LPTJanice D.</author><pub-date pub-type="publication-year"><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>3</volume><issue>5</issue><history><date date-type="pub"><published-time>2025-06-05</published-time></date></history><abstract>This study examines the reading comprehension level of Key Stage 2 learners using multimodal reading strategies in Calatagan Sub-office. The study involved 77 reading teachers from 21 public elementary schools. A descriptive research method was used to examine the relationship between the extent of multimodal strategy use, learners’ comprehension levels, and challenges faced by teachers. Data was analyzed using statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation, frequency, percentage, and correlation tests. Findings of the study suggest that all multimodal reading strategies were widely used. Visual Worksheets and Audio-Visual Input received the highest ratings. Other strategies, including Modeling and Guided Practice, Reflective Discussion, Play-based Learning, and Questioning Technique, also had strong ratings. Read Aloud was slightly lower but still effective. On the other hand, this study highlights that the reading comprehension levels of learners significantly improved after employing these strategies based on the result of the Philippine Informal Reading Inventory (Phil-IRI) SY 2023–2024. The pre-test revealed few independent readers, more at the instructional level, many at the frustration level, and some are nonreaders. After implementation, the post-test showed significant progress with an increased number of independent and instructional readers, while a decrease in frustrated readers, and very few remaining as nonreaders. The higher utilization of these strategies correlates with better comprehension outcomes for learners. Furthermore, this study identified the challenges met by teachers in the implementation of multimodal reading strategies. These include learner distractions, limited parental support, and difficulty in crafting effective assessments. Given the alarming reading comprehension levels, an action plan was proposed to enhance multimodal strategy use, improve comprehension, facilitate interactive instruction, engage parents, and evaluate progress. Collaboration among teachers, parents, and schools is essential for success.</abstract><keywords/></article-meta></front><body/><back><ref-list><ref id="B1" content-type="article"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Reidenbach D, Eilert M, Jay S, et al., 2021, Multimodal Communication in the 21st Century: Theoretical Frameworks and Practical Applications. Routledge, England.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B2" content-type="article"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Madani DR, 2016, The Impact of Reading Strategies on Reading Comprehension. International Journal of Linguistics, 8(6): 112–125. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v8i6.10245</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B3" content-type="article"><label>3</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Guichon N, Cohen C, 2016, Multimodality and CALL, in The Routledge Handbook of Language Learning and Technology. Routledge, England, 509–521.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B4" content-type="article"><label>4</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Adami E, 2016, Multimodality, in The Oxford Handbook of Language and Society. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 451–472.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B5" content-type="article"><label>5</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Alatalo E, Westlund M, 2021, Bolstering and Bridging — Pre-Primary Teachers’ Purposes and Views of Reading Aloud. Nordic Journal of Literacy Research, 9(2): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.23865/njlr.v9.5107</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B6" content-type="article"><label>6</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Bezemer J, Kress G, 2016, Multimodality, Learning and Communication: A Social Semiotic Frame. Routledge, England.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B7" content-type="article"><label>7</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Hobbs R, 2017, Create to Learn: Introduction to Digital Literacy. Wiley, New York.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B8" content-type="article"><label>8</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Lai C, 2021, Promoting Critical Thinking through Multimodal Literacy Practices. Journal of Adolescent &amp; Adult Literacy, 64(5): 525–534. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaal.1135</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B9" content-type="article"><label>9</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Smith T, Jones L, 2019, Visual Learning Tools: Enhancing Reading Skills with Worksheets and Graphic Organizers. Journal of Educational Psychology. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ed602371.pdf</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B10" content-type="article"><label>10</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Berk LE, Winsler A, 2021, Play-Based Learning and Comprehension: Reinforcing Understanding Through Multiple Forms of Information. Early Childhood Education Journal, 49(3): 435–449.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B11" content-type="article"><label>11</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Kelley MJ, Miller D, 2021, Developing Critical Readers through Modeling and Guided Practice with Multimodal Texts. The Reading Teacher, 75(1): 23–34. https://doi.org/10.1002/trtr.1973</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B12" content-type="article"><label>12</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Fleming ND, Baume D, 2020, Learning Styles again: VARKing up the Right Tree! Educational Developments, 21(1): 4–7.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B13" content-type="article"><label>13</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Bezemer J, Kress G, 2016, Multimodality, Learning and Communication: A Social Semiotic Frame. Routledge, England.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B14" content-type="article"><label>14</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Fountas I, Pinnell GS, 2020, Guided Reading: Responsive Teaching Across the Grades. Heinemann, London,</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B15" content-type="article"><label>15</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Wiseman AM, 2020, Reading Aloud: Engaging Learners in Active Meaning-making and Collaborative Learning. Literacy Research and Instruction, 59(1): 5–18.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B16" content-type="article"><label>16</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Guthrie JT, Wigfield A, 2017, Engagement and Motivation in Reading. Guilford Press, New York.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B17" content-type="article"><label>17</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Miller SM, McVee MB, 2017, Multimodal Composing: The Essential 21st-century Literacy. Journal of Adolescent &amp; Adult Literacy, 60(6): 609–617. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaal.628</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B18" content-type="article"><label>18</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Kuh GD, Kinzie J, 2017, The Role of Student Engagement in Higher Education: Fostering Success Across Diverse Student Populations. Routledge, England.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B19" content-type="article"><label>19</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Mercer N, Hennessy S, Warwick P, 2021, Dialogue, Thinking Together and Digital Technology in the Classroom: Some Educational Implications. International Journal of Educational Research, 2021(109): 101801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2021.101801</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B20" content-type="article"><label>20</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>McTigue EM, Abbott ML, 2021, Visual Literacy in Reading: Engaging Learners through Visual Strategies. The Reading Teacher, 75(2): 215–226. https://doi.org/10.1002/trtr.1968</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B21" content-type="article"><label>21</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Van Oers B, Wardekker W, 2021, The Importance of Play-based Learning for Creativity and Critical Thinking. Springer, Cham.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B22" content-type="article"><label>22</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>McGee LM, Richgels DJ, 2021, Guided Reading and Literacy Development. Guilford Press, New York.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B23" content-type="article"><label>23</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Byrnes JP, Wasik BA, 2019, Language and Literacy Development: What Educators Need to Know. Guilford Press, New York.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B24" content-type="article"><label>24</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Pearson PD, Cervetti GN, 2015, The Roots of Reading Comprehension Instruction, in Handbook of Research on Reading Comprehension (2nd ed.). Routledge, England, 3–32.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B25" content-type="article"><label>25</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Saifullah M, 2021, Improving Reading Comprehension through Effective Strategies. International Journal of Language Education, 5(1): 55–68. https://doi.org/10.26858/ijole.v5i1.16822</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B26" content-type="article"><label>26</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Ukrainetz TA, 2015, School-age Language Intervention: Evidence-based Practices. Pro-Ed, Austin.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B27" content-type="article"><label>27</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Castles A, Rastle K, Nation K, 2018, Ending the Reading Wars: Reading Acquisition from Novice to Expert. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 19(1): 5–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100618772271</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B28" content-type="article"><label>28</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Rawang WM, Yawiloeng, S, 2020, Factors Affecting Reading Comprehension Ability. LEARN Journal: Language Education and Acquisition Research Network, 13(1): 83–98.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B29" content-type="article"><label>29</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Salem AAMS, 2017, The Effect of Using a Blended Learning Program on Developing EFL Students’ Reading Comprehension Skills. English Language Teaching, 10(12): 100–111. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v10n12p100</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B30" content-type="article"><label>30</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Jones RH, 2019, Multimodal Discourse Analysis. Routledge, England.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B31" content-type="article"><label>31</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Gambrell LB, Morrow LM, 2020, Best Practices in Literacy Instruction (6th ed.). Guilford Press, New York.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B32" content-type="article"><label>32</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Alexander PA, Jetton TL, 2021, Learning from Text: A Multidimensional and Developmental Perspective. Reading Research Quarterly, 56(1): 69–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.313</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B33" content-type="article"><label>33</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Bryk AS, Schneider B, 2021, Trust in Schools: A Core Resource for Improvement. Russell Sage Foundation.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B34" content-type="article"><label>34</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Black P, Wiliam D, 2021, Classroom Assessment and Pedagogy. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy &amp; Practice, 28(2): 155–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/0969594X.2021.1885301</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B35" content-type="article"><label>35</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Fisher D, Frey N, Hattie J, 2021, The Distance Learning Playbook: Teaching for Engagement and Impact in any Setting. Corwin Press, California.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B36" content-type="article"><label>36</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Wang J, Gearhart M, 2017, Scaffolding Struggling Readers’ Comprehension through Multimodal Strategies. Journal of Literacy Research, 49(2): 181–210. https://doi.org/10.1177/1086296X17701629</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B37" content-type="article"><label>37</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Li M, Edwards A, 2020, Enhancing Reading Comprehension through Multimodal Literacy Programs. Language and Literacy, 22(2): 45–62. https://doi.org/10.20360/langandlit29430</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B38" content-type="article"><label>38</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Smith A, Johnson R, 2020, Enhancing Reading Comprehension through Multimodal Strategies: A Study within Matrix Education. Journal of Educational Research and Practice, 10(3): 112–125.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B39" content-type="article"><label>39</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Thompson L, Garcia P, 2019, Visual Aids and Text Comprehension: The Impact of Multimodal Reading Strategies on Matrix Understanding. Reading Psychology, 40(6): 564–584. https://doi.org/10.1080/02702711.2019.1651419</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B40" content-type="article"><label>40</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Chen Y, Wang X, 2018, Multimodal Matrix Reading: Integrating Textual and Visual Information for Improved Comprehension. Educational Technology Research and Development, 66(5): 1115–1134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-018-9581-2</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B41" content-type="article"><label>41</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Shona M, 2023, An Introduction to Descriptive Research. Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/descriptive-research/</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B42" content-type="article"><label>42</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Creswell JW, 2018, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (5th ed.). SAGE Publications, New York.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
