JCERJournal of Contemporary Educational Research2208-84662208-8474Bio-Byword Scientific Publishing Pty. Ltd.10.26689/jcer.v6i10.4419ArticleImaging and Inventing Self: Constructing Heroines Through Translation in Late Qing Chinahttps://artdesignp.com/journal/JCER/6/10/10.26689/jcer.v6i10.4419HeMin20226102022-10-28A fad for female heroism emerged in the late Qing China as women were urgently mobilized to undertake the mission of ‘strengthening the nation and preserving the race.’ However, women reaching the modern standards of heroines were almost absent in China. Western heroines were then introduced into China as exemplars for Chinese women to emulate. The story of Madame Roland, the most prestigious Western heroine at that time, was appropriated to the political ends. The male-coded virtues of her were highlighted in conformity to the standards of heroines in late Qing China: hero-worship, patriotism, political maternity and beauty. An ideal heroine was thus created through translation. As a prototype of heroine, she inspired a flood of localized Chinese heroines.

Tian Z, 1940, To the Female Compatriots, Women’s World (in Chinese).

Liu Y, 1985, For Tianmei, Collection of Poems in the Rooming of Grinding Sword, Volume I, Shanghai People Publishing House, 62 (in Chinese).

Jin T, 2003, The Tocsin to Women Compatriots, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, Shanghai, 44–45 (in Chinese).

Ding C, 1906, Lament for Womankind, Women’s World (in Chinese).

Ding C, 2018, She-Devil, quoted from Xia X, 2018, Western Heroines in Late Qing Women’s Journals: Meiji-Era Writings on “Women’s Self-Help” in China, Cambridge University Press, 236–254.

Jiang Z, 1902, The Speech on the Opening Ceremony of Female Patriotic School, Women’s Newspaper (in Chinese).

Allen JY, 1975, The Difference between Men and Women [Li Y, Yufa Z, Trans.], Long Wen Publishing, Taibei, 382–388 (in Chinese).

Hu Y, 2000, Tales of Translation: Composing the New Woman in China, 1899–1918, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 174–176 + 189.

Xia X, 2018, Western Heroines in Late Qing Women’s Journals: Meiji-Era Writings on “Women’s Self-Help” in China, in Women and the Periodical Press in China’s Long Twentieth Century, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 236–254.

Xia X, 2004, Women of Late Qing China and Modern China, Beijing: Peking University Press, 192–197 (in Chinese).

Matsuo Y, 2001, Liang Qichao and Historiography: History of the Modern East Asia Spirit, in Liang Qichao, Meiji Japan, the West, China Social Sciences Publishing House, Beijing, 18 (in Chinese).

Tsui J, 2014, Political Modernity and its Musical Dissociation: A Study of Guomin and Geming in Liang Qichao’s Historical Biographies Front. Lit Stud China, 8(2): 302?330.

Liang Q, 1902, New Historiography, in Collection of Essays from Icy Drinks Studio, Yunnan Education Press, Kunming, 1645 (in Chinese).

Xia X, 2006, Awakening the World or Being Memorized by the World: Liang Qichao’s Literary Path, Chinese Publishing House, Beijing, 28 (in Chinese).

Chatman S, 1975, Towards a Theory of Narrative. New Literary History, 6(2): 295–318.

White H, 1987, The Content of the Form: Narrative Discourse and Historical Representation, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 5 + 44.

White H, 1978, Tropics of Discourse, Essays in Cultural Criticism, The Johns Hopkins University Press., Baltimore.

White H, 1981, The Narrativization of Real Events. Critical Inquiry, 7(4): 793–798.

White H, 1975, Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth Century Europe, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Iwasaki M, 2009, The Foremost Heroine in the World, quoted from Judge J, 2009, A Translocal Technology of the Self: Biographies of World Heroines and the Chinese Woman Question. Journal of Women’s History, 21(4): 59–83 (in Chinese).

Liang Q, 1902, Biography of Madame Roland, the Foremost Heroine of Modern Times, in Complete Works of Liang Qichao, Beijing Press, Beijing, 70– 863 (in Chinese).

Liang Q, 1902, A Record of Sparta. New Citizen Journal, 13: 22–24.

Lian S, 2018, A Speech on the Five Doctrines, quoted from Xia X, 2018, Western Heroines in Late Qing Women’s Journals: Meiji-Era Writings On “Women’s Self-Help”, in Women and the Periodical Press in China’s Long Twentieth Century, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 236–254.

Liang Q, 1902, The Changing Trend of Chinese Academic Thought, in Complete Works of Liang Qichao, Volume ?, Beijing Press, Beijing, 236–254.

Yao F, 1907, Eight Poems in Memory of Historical Personages, Magazine of Chinese New Female World, quoted from Xia X, 2016, Late Qing’s Literati’s Conception of Women, Peking University Press, Beijing, 109 (in Chinese).

Xia X, 2001, The Society and Culture in Late Qing China, Hubei Education Press, Wuhan, 170–207 (in Chinese).

Judge J, 2009, A Translocal Technology of the Self: Biographies of World Heroines and the Chinese Woman Question. Journal of Women’s History, 21(4): 59–83.

Yi S, 1988, Huang Xiuqiu, in The Collection of Chinese Modern Novels, Jiangxi People’s Press, Nanchang, 184–196 (in Chinese).

Ho F, 2002, Review of Tales of Translation: Composing the New Woman in China, 1899–1918. Bryn Mawr Review of Comparative Literature, 2002(3): 1–9.

Hai T, 1988, The Stone of Nüwa, Chinese people’s Press, Beijing, 2 (in Chinese).

He M, 2020, Literary Translation as Means for Constructing Chinese National Image from Late Qing Dynasty to the May 4th Movement, Jiuzhou Press, Beijing (in Chinese).