<?xml version="1.1" encoding="utf-8"?>
<article xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/xsd/JATS-journalpublishing1-mathml3.xsd" dtd-version="1.1" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JCNR</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Clinical and Nursing Research</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn>2208-3685</issn><eissn>2208-3693</eissn><publisher><publisher-name>Bio-Byword Scientific Publishing Pty. Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26689/jcnr.v10i3.14512</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title>Research Progress on Functional Assessment of Non-specific Low Back Pain</title><url>https://artdesignp.com/journal/JCNR/10/3/10.26689/jcnr.v10i3.14512</url><author>YanHuiqian,WuQianli</author><pub-date pub-type="publication-year"><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>3</issue><history><date date-type="pub"><published-time>2026-04-10</published-time></date></history><abstract>Nonspecific low back pain (NLBP) is a prevalent condition in daily life with a notably high recurrence rate. It is particularly common among athletes, especially those involved in sports such as weightlifting and ice hockey. Assessment is crucial both before and after rehabilitation therapy for NLBP to evaluate its effectiveness. Functional assessment, as a common evaluation method, plays a significant role in understanding patients’ functional impairments and quality of life, as well as guiding rehabilitation interventions and assessing treatment outcomes. There are numerous tools available for assessing NLBP. This paper summarizes recent domestic and international literature on nonspecific low back pain.</abstract><keywords/></article-meta></front><body/><back><ref-list><ref id="B1" content-type="article"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Airaksinen O, Brox J, Cedraschi C, et al., 2006, European Guidelines for the Management of Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain. European Spine Journal, S192–300.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B2" content-type="article"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Krismer M, Tulder M, 2007, Strategies for Prevention and Management of Musculoskeletal Conditions: Low Back Pain (Non-Specific). Best Practice and Research Clinical Rheumatology, 21(1): 77–91.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B3" content-type="article"><label>3</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Hoy D, March L, Brooks P, et al., 2014, The Global Burden of Low Back Pain: Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 73(6): 968–974.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B4" content-type="article"><label>4</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Trouvin A, Perrot S, 2019, New Concepts of Pain. Best Practice and Research Clinical Rheumatology, 33(3): 101415.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B5" content-type="article"><label>5</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Balagué F, Mannion A, Pellisé F, et al., 2012, Non-Specific Low Back Pain. The Lancet, 379(9814): 482–491.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B6" content-type="article"><label>6</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Van Kleef M, Barendse G, Kessels A, et al., 1999, Randomized Trial of Radiofrequency Lumbar Facet Denervation for Chronic Low Back Pain. Spine, 24(18): 1937–1942.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B7" content-type="article"><label>7</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Cohen I, Rainville D, 2002, Aggressive Exercise as Treatment for Chronic Low Back Pain. Sports Medicine, 32(1): 75–82.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B8" content-type="article"><label>8</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Dagenais S, Caro J, Haldeman S, 2008, A Systematic Review of Low Back Pain Cost of Illness Studies in the United States and Internationally. Spine Journal, 8(1): 8–20.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B9" content-type="article"><label>9</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Von Korff M, Jensen M, Karoly P, 2000, Assessing Global Pain Severity by Self-Report in Clinical and Health Services Research. Spine, 25(24): 3140–3151.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B10" content-type="article"><label>10</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Ostelo R, Deyo R, Stratford P, et al., 2008, Interpreting Change Scores for Pain and Functional Status in Low Back Pain: Towards International Consensus Regarding Minimal Important Change. Spine, 33(1): 90–94.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B11" content-type="article"><label>11</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Azevedo B, Oliveira C, Araujo G, et al., 2020, Is There Equivalence Between the Electronic and Paper Version of Questionnaires for Assessment of Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain. Spine, 45(6): E329–E335.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B12" content-type="article"><label>12</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Chiarotto A, Maxwell L, Ostelo R, et al., 2019, Measurement Properties of Visual Analogue Scale, Numeric Rating Scale and Pain Severity Subscale of the Brief Pain Inventory in Patients with Low Back Pain. Journal of Pain, 20(3): 245–263.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B13" content-type="article"><label>13</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Chapman J, Norvell D, Hermsmeyer J, et al., 2011, Evaluating Common Outcomes for Measuring Treatment Success for Chronic Low Back Pain. Spine, 36(21): S54–68.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B14" content-type="article"><label>14</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Melzack R, 1975, The McGill Pain Questionnaire: Major Properties and Scoring Methods. Pain, 1(3): 277–299.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B15" content-type="article"><label>15</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Garg A, Pathak H, Churyukanov M, et al., 2020, Low Back Pain: Critical Assessment of Various Scales. European Spine Journal, 29(3): 503–518.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B16" content-type="article"><label>16</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Fairbank J, Couper J, Davies J, et al., 1980, The Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire. Physiotherapy, 66(8): 271–273.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B17" content-type="article"><label>17</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Liu H, Tao H, Luo Z, 2009, Validation of the Simplified Chinese Version of the Oswestry Disability Index. Spine, 34(11): 1211–1216.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B18" content-type="article"><label>18</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Koç M, Bayar B, Bayar K, 2018, A Comparison of Back Pain Functional Scale with Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire, Oswestry Disability Index and Short Form-36 Health Survey. Spine, 43(12): 877–882.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B19" content-type="article"><label>19</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Hicks G, Manal T, 2009, Psychometric Properties of Commonly Used Low Back Disability Questionnaires: Are They Useful for Older Adults with Low Back Pain. Pain Medicine, 10(1): 85–94.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B20" content-type="article"><label>20</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Fairbank J, Pynsent P, 2000, The Oswestry Disability Index. Spine, 25(22): 2940–2952.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B21" content-type="article"><label>21</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Frost H, Lamb S, Stewart-Brown S, 2008, Responsiveness of a Patient Specific Outcome Measure Compared with the Oswestry Disability Index and Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire for Patients with Subacute and Chronic Low Back Pain. Spine, 33(22): 2450–2457.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B22" content-type="article"><label>22</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Werneke M, Hayes D, Deutscher D, 2018, Clinical Utility of the Oswestry Disability Index for Measuring Function of Patients with Low Back Pain. Spine Journal, 18(4): 712–713.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B23" content-type="article"><label>23</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Roland M, Morris R, 1983, Development of a Reliable and Sensitive Measure of Disability in Low Back Pain. Spine, 8(2): 141–144.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B24" content-type="article"><label>24</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Chiarotto A, Maxwell L, Terwee C, et al., 2016, Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire and Oswestry Disability Index: Which Has Better Measurement Properties for Measuring Physical Functioning in Nonspecific Low Back Pain. Physical Therapy, 96(10): 1620–1637.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B25" content-type="article"><label>25</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Delitto A, George S, Van Dillen L, et al., 2012, Low Back Pain. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 42(4): A1–57.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B26" content-type="article"><label>26</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Wang X, Zheng Y, Hu H, et al., 2017, Research Progress on Commonly Used Assessment Scales for Low Back Pain Dysfunction. Chinese Journal of Rehabilitation Theory and Practice, 23(6): 672–676.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B27" content-type="article"><label>27</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Kopec J, Esdaile J, Abrahamowicz M, et al., 1995, The Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale. Spine, 20(3): 341–352.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B28" content-type="article"><label>28</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Valasek T, Varga P, Szövérfi Z, et al., 2013, Reliability and Validity Study on Hungarian Versions of the Oswestry Disability Index and Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale. European Spine Journal, 22(5): 1010–1018.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B29" content-type="article"><label>29</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Riecke J, Holzapfel S, Rief W, et al., 2016, Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the German Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale: An Exposure-Specific Measurement for Back Pain Patients. Journal of Pain Research, 9: 9–15.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B30" content-type="article"><label>30</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Speksnijder C, Koppenaal T, Knottnerus J, et al., 2016, Measurement Properties of the Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale in Patients with Nonspecific Low Back Pain. Physical Therapy, 96(11): 1816–1831.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
