JCNRJournal of Clinical and Nursing Research2208-36852208-3693Bio-Byword Scientific Publishing Pty. Ltd.10.26689/jcnr.v10i4.14844ArticleResearch Progress of Plasma Biomarkers in Auxiliary Diagnostic Models for Alzheimer’s Diseasehttps://artdesignp.com/journal/JCNR/10/4/10.26689/jcnr.v10i4.14844YuanWenjie,YuXiang20261042026-04-30The early identification of Alzheimer’s disease requires efficient and non-invasive detection methods. Plasma biomarkers, with their convenient sampling, repeatable detection, and suitability for large-scale application, have become core elements in the construction of auxiliary diagnostic models. Indicators such as β-amyloid-related ratios, phosphorylated tau181, phosphorylated tau217, neurofilament light chain, and glial fibrillary acidic protein in plasma can stably reflect the core pathological processes in the brain. The diagnostic efficacy of single-indicator and multi-indicator combined models continues to improve. The correlation between plasma biomarkers and changes in brain structure and function, as well as cognitive assessment, is becoming increasingly clear, driving the development of auxiliary diagnostic models towards precision and intelligence. This provides stable support for early screening, risk stratification, and disease progression monitoring.

Karikari T, Pascoal T, Ashton N, et al., 2020, Blood Phosphorylated Tau 181 as a Biomarker for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Diagnostic Performance and Prediction Modelling Study. Lancet Neurology, 19(5): 422–433.

Palmqvist S, Janelidze S, Quiroz Y, et al., 2020, Discriminative Accuracy of Plasma Phospho-Tau217 for Alzheimer Disease vs Other Neurodegenerative Disorders. JAMA, 324(8): 772–781.

Ashton N, Pascoal T, Karikari T, et al., 2021, Plasma P-Tau231: A New Biomarker for Incipient Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology. Acta Neuropathologica, 141(5): 709–724.

Mattsson N, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, 2021, Plasma Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease. Lancet Neurology, 20(1): 67–78.

Janelidze S, Mattsson N, Palmqvist S, et al., 2020, Plasma P-Tau181 in Alzheimer’s Disease: Relationship to Other Biomarkers, Differential Diagnosis, Neuropathology and Longitudinal Progression. Nature Medicine, 26(3): 379–386.

Thijssen E, La Joie R, Wolf A, et al., 2020, Diagnostic Value of Plasma Phosphorylated Tau181 in Alzheimer’s Disease and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. Nature Medicine, 26(3): 387–397.

Zetterberg H, Blennow K, 2020, Blood Biomarkers: Democratizing Alzheimer’s Diagnostics. Neuron, 106(5): 881–883.

Olsson B, Lautner R, Andreasson U, et al., 2026, CSF and Blood Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Lancet Neurology, 25(2): 145–158.

ChêTelat G, Arbizu J, Barthel H, et al., 2026, Amyloid-PET and 18F-FDG-PET in the Diagnostic Investigation of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias. Lancet Neurology, 25(3): 245–258.

Jack C, Bennett D, Blennow K, et al., 2026, NIA-AA Research Framework: Toward a Biological Definition of Alzheimer’s Disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 19(4): 535–562.

Jiao B, Zhang L, Li Y, et al., 2025, Development and Validation of Machine Learning Models with Blood-Based Digital Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnosis: A Multicohort Study. EClinicalMedicine, 81: 103142.

Dal Maschio V, Ferrari C, Nobili L, et al., 2025, The Role of Blood-Based Biomarkers in Transforming Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Clinical Management: A Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(8): 3856.

Chenna A, Troakes C, Allsop D, et al., 2025, Analytical and Clinical Assessment of Plasma P-Tau217, BD-Tau, P-Tau181 and Aβ42/Aβ40 Assays in Alzheimer’s Disease Subjects. Neurology, 104(15): e671–e683.

De Meyer S, Van Bouwel K, Van Laeken N, et al., 2025, Plasma PTau181 and PTau217 Predict Asymptomatic Amyloid Accumulation Equally Well as Amyloid PET. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 52(Suppl 1): S124.

Cattaneo A, Cattane N, Galluzzi S, et al., 2025, Association of Brain Amyloidosis with Pro-Inflammatory Gut Bacterial Taxa and Peripheral Inflammation Markers in Cognitively Impaired Elderly. Neurobiology of Aging, 143: 60–68.

Swarbrick S, Wragg N, Ghosh S, et al., 2025, Systematic Review of MiRNA as Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease. Molecular Neurobiology, 59(4): 2104–2123.

Vogt N, Kerby R, Dill-Mcfarland K, et al., 2025, Gut Microbiome Alterations in Alzheimer’s Disease. Scientific Reports, 11(1): 13537.

Jiang L, Liu Y, Wang H, et al., 2025, Plasma Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Differentiation and Their Cognitive Correlations in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 89(3): 987–1002.

Mattsson-Carlgren N, Janelidze S, Palmqvist S, et al., 2025, Longitudinal Plasma P-Tau217 Is Increased in Early Stages of Alzheimer’s Disease. Brain, 148(11): 3234–3241.

Palmqvist S, Insel P, Stomrud E, et al., 2025, Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma Biomarker Trajectories with Increasing Amyloid Deposition in Alzheimer’s Disease. EMBO Molecular Medicine, 17(2): e11170.

Ashton N, Karikari T, Pascoal T, et al., 2025, Clinical and Analytical Comparison of Six Simoa Assays for Plasma P-Tau Isoforms P-Tau181, P-Tau217, and P-Tau231. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 63(1): 112–121.

Siedlecki-Wullich D, Català-Solsona J, Fábregas C, et al., 2025, Altered MicroRNAs Related to Synaptic Function as Potential Plasma Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy, 17(1): 46.

Hu N, Tan M, Yu J, et al., 2025, Increased Expression of TREM2 in Peripheral Blood of Alzheimer’s Disease Patients. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 78(3): 1245–1256.

Wang X, Sun G, Feng T, et al., 2025, Sodium Oligomannate Therapeutically Remodels Gut Microbiota and Suppresses Gut Bacterial Amino Acids-Shaped Neuroinflammation to Inhibit Alzheimer’s Disease Progression. Cell Research, 35(7): 567–586.

Guo Y, Liu T, Chen H, et al., 2025, White Matter Structure-Function Coupling Alteration Is Associated with Plasma Biomarkers and Cognition in Alzheimer’s Disease. European Radiology, 35(11): 7053–7063.

Heo G, Xu Y, Wang E, et al., 2025, Large-Scale Plasma Proteomic Profiling Unveils Diagnostic Biomarkers and Pathways for Alzheimer’s Disease. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, 22(Suppl 1): S125.

Martínez-Dubarbie F, López-Ortí M, Pérez-Castíllo J, et al., 2025, Diagnostic Performance of Plasma P-Tau217 in a Memory Clinic Cohort Using the Lumipulse Automated Platform. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy, 17(1): 68.

Feizpour A, Li Y, Xiao G, et al., 2024, Accurate Detection and Staging of Alzheimer’s Disease by Plasma P-Tau217 on a High Throughput Immunoassay Platform. EBioMedicine, 109: 105405.

Alawode D, Heslegrave A, Ashton N, et al., 2021, Transitioning from Cerebrospinal Fluid to Blood Tests to Facilitate Diagnosis and Disease Monitoring in Alzheimer’s Disease. Journal of Internal Medicine, 290(3): 583–601.

Ashton N, Leuzy A, Karikari T, et al., 2021, The Validation Status of Blood Biomarkers of Amyloid and Phosphotau Assessed With the 5-Phase Development Framework for AD Biomarkers. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 48(7): 2140–2156.

Ossenkoppele R, Van Der Kant R, Hansson O, 2022, Tau Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease: Towards Implementation in Clinical Practice and Trials. Lancet Neurology, 21(8): 726–734.

Van Dyck C, Swanson C, Aisen P, et al., 2022, Lecanemab in Early Alzheimer’s Disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 388(1): 9–21.

Sims J, Zimmer J, Evans C, et al., 2023, Donanemab in Early Symptomatic Alzheimer Disease: The TRAILBLAZER-ALZ 2 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA, 330(6): 512–527.

Blennow K, Mattsson N, Scholl M, et al., 2015, Amyloid Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 36(5): 297–309.

Jiang Y, Zhou X, Ip F, et al., 2021, Large-Scale Plasma Proteomic Profiling Identifies a High-Performance Biomarker Panel for Alzheimer’s Disease Screening and Staging. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 17(8): 1236–1248.

Pradeepkiran J, Baig J, Islam M, et al., 2024, Amyloid-β and Phosphorylated Tau Are the Key Biomarkers and Predictors of Alzheimer’s Disease. Aging and Disease, 15(3): 890–905.

Heslegrave A, Ashton N, Hye A, et al., 2022, Plasma Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders. Acta Neuropathologica Communications, 10(1): 1–12.

Wilson K, Mackenzie J, et al., 2023, Plasma Neurofilament Light Chain as a Biomarker of Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s Disease. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 20(1): 1–10.

Lee J, Kim J, Park S, et al., 2024, Diagnostic Utility of Plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 Ratio in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Neurology, 20(2): 112–120.

Zhang Y, Liu X, Wang L, et al., 2024, Machine Learning-Based Integration of Plasma Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease Early Diagnosis. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 16: 1245678.

Rodríguez J, Ashton N, Pascoal T, et al., 2023, Plasma P-Tau217 Predicts Progression from Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer’s Dementia. Annals of Neurology, 94(2): 267–278.