World Health Organization, 2021, Falls, visited on 2025-2-25, https://www.who.int/zh/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/falls.

Appeadu M, Bordoni B, 2023, Falls and Fall Prevention in Older Adults. StatPearls Publishing.

Abreu H, Reiners A, Azevedo R, et al., 2015, Incidence and Predicting Factors of Falls of Older Inpatients. Revista de Saude Publica, 49: 37.

Zhang J, Wang M, Liu Y, 2016, Psychometric Validation of the Chinese Version of the Johns Hopkins Fall Risk Assessment Tool for Older Chinese Inpatients. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 25(19–20): 2846–2853.

Wang K, Chen M, Zhang X, et al., 2022, The Incidence of Falls and Related Factors Among Chinese Elderly Community Residents in Six Provinces. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(22): 14843.

Guo X, Wang Y, Yang X, et al., 2021, Implementation of Fall Prevention Intervention Strategies for Hospitalized Elderly Patients Based on a Patient-Centered Framework. Journal of Nursing, 36(1): 50–53.

Montero-Odasso M, Van D, Martin F, et al., 2022, World Guidelines for Falls Prevention and Management for Older Adults: A Global Initiative. Age and Ageing, 51(9): afac205.

Kiyoshi-Teo H, Northrup-Snyder K, Davis M, et al., 2020, Qualitative Descriptions of Patient Perceptions About Fall Risks, Prevention Strategies and Self-Identity: Analysis of Fall Prevention Motivational Interviewing Conversations. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29(21–22): 4281–4288.

Nan J, Li Z, Zou X, et al., 2025, Fall Risk Perception in Older Adults: A Concept Analysis. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 34(3): 1032–1044.

Yang X, Yao M, Zhang Y, et al., 2023, A Study on the Discrepancy Between Fall Risk and Risk Perception Among Hospitalized Elderly Patients. Chinese Journal of Nursing, 58(19): 2326–2332.

Hill A, McPhail S, Waldron N, et al., 2015, Fall Rates in Hospital Rehabilitation Units After Individualised Patient and Staff Education Programmes: A Pragmatic, Stepped-Wedge, Cluster-Randomised Controlled Trial. The Lancet, 385(9987): 2592–2599.

Ellmers T, Freiberger E, Hauer K, et al., 2023, Why Should Clinical Practitioners Ask About Their Patients’ Concerns About Falling? Age and Ageing, 52(4): afad057.

Dabkowski E, Cooper S, Duncan J, et al., 2022, Adult Inpatients’ Perceptions of Their Fall Risk: A Scoping Review. Healthcare, 10(6): 995.

Bao G, Liu Y, Zhang W, et al., 2022, Accuracy of Self-Perceived Risk of Falls Among Hospitalised Adults in China: An Observational Study. BMJ Open, 12(12): e065296.

de Jong L, Francis-Coad J, Waldron N, et al., 2021, Does Free-Text Information in Falls Incident Reports Assist to Explain How and Why the Falls Occurred in a Hospital Setting? Journal of Patient Safety, 17(8): e1472–e1479.

Dolan H, Slebodnik M, Taylor-Piliae R, 2022, Older Adults' Perceptions of Their Fall Risk in the Hospital: An Integrative Review. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 31(17–18): 2418–2436.

Braun B, 1998, Knowledge and Perception of Fall-Related Risk Factors and Fall-Reduction Techniques Among Community-Dwelling Elderly Individuals. Physical Therapy, 78(12): 1262–1276.

Choi J, Choi S, Lee J, et al., 2021, Development and Validation of the Fall Risk Perception Questionnaire for Patients in Acute Care Hospitals. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 30(3–4): 406–414.

Bao G, Liu Y, Luo Y, et al., 2022, Advances in Research on Inpatients’ Perception of Fall Risk. Nursing Research, 36(19): 3468–3472.

Nie Z, Chen L, Zeng K, et al., 2024, Current Status of Research on Fall Risk Perception Among Older Adults and Its Implications for Proactive Fall Prevention. Chinese General Practice, 27(19): 2395–2400.

Jiang N, 2024, Development of a “Digital Avatar”-Based Toolkit for Assessing Fall Risk Perception Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults with Stroke, thesis, Jiangnan University.

Gettens S, Fulbrook P, Jessup M, et al., 2018, The Patients' Perspective of Sustaining a Fall in Hospital: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 27(3–4): 743–752.

Owen C, Gaulton C, Roberts H, et al., 2022, Perceptions of People with Parkinson’s and Their Caregivers of Falling and Falls-Related Healthcare Services: A Qualitative Study. PLoS One, 17(10): e0276588.

Bao G, Zhu L, Liu Y, et al., 2022, Chinese Adaptation and Reliability and Validity Testing of the Patient Perceived Risk of Falling Scale. Chinese Journal of Nursing, 57(22): 2811–2816.

Zhao Z, Wang X, Xu X, et al., 2024, A Study on the Consistency Between Perceived Fall Risk and Objective Risk Assessment, and Influencing Factors Among Hospitalized Elderly Patients with Chronic Comorbidities. China Medical Herald, 21(29): 125–129.

Choi J, Lee S, Park E, et al., 2024, Psychometric Properties of the Fall Risk Perception Questionnaire-Short Version for Inpatients in Acute Care Hospitals. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 54(2): 151–161.

Twibell R, Siela D, Sproat T, et al., 2015, Perceptions Related to Falls and Fall Prevention Among Hospitalized Adults. American Journal of Critical Care, 24(5): E78–E85.

Rubenstein L, Vivrette R, Harker J, et al., 2011, Validating an Evidence-Based, Self-Rated Fall Risk Questionnaire for Older Adults. Journal of Safety Research, 42(6): 493–499.

Li Y, Ding F, 2020, A Study on the Application of the STEADI Self-Assessment Scale for Fall Risk Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Journal of Nursing, 35(9): 84–87.

Tzeng H, Yin C, Fitzgerald K, et al., 2015, Engaging User Testing: Lessons Learned from Inpatients and Health Care Providers. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 30(3): 275–282.

Guo X, Wang Y, Yang X, et al., 2021, Chinese Adaptation and Reliability and Validity Testing of a Self-Assessment Tool for Falls. Journal of Nursing Management, 21(12): 866–871.

Kempen G, Yardley L, Van H, et al., 2007, The Short FES-I: A Shortened Version of the Falls Efficacy Scale-International to Assess Fear of Falling. Age and Ageing, 37(1): 45–50.

Guo Q, Guo M, Zhang L, et al., 2015, Evaluation of the Reliability and Validity of the Chinese Version of the International Fall Effectiveness Scale. Chinese General Practice, 18(35): 4273–4276.

Shyu M, Huang H, Wu M, et al., 2018, Development and Validation of the Self-Awareness of Falls in Elderly Scale Among Elderly Inpatients. Clinical Nursing Research, 27(1): 105–120.

He X, Liu Q, Wang M, et al., 2023, Validity and Reliability Testing of the Elderly Fall Awareness Scale Among Elderly Inpatients. Nursing Research, 37(1): 47–51.

Bao G, Luo Y, Liu Y, et al., 2022, Development and Validity and Reliability Testing of a Fall Risk Perception Scale for Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Journal of Nursing, 37(24): 9–13.

Luo R, Wan Y, Xie R, et al., 2024, Development and Validity and Reliability Testing of a Fall Risk Perception Scale for Cancer Patients. Journal of Nursing, 39(4): 6–10.

Yang X, Yao M, Guo Z, et al., 2024, Development and Validation of Fall Risk Perception Scale for Patients with Parkinson’s Disease. Frontiers in Psychology, 15: 1289067.

Huang Y, Canning C, Song J, et al., 2022, How Does Perceived Fall Risk Influence Decisions About Whether to Undertake Activities in People with Parkinson’s Disease and Their Care Partners? A Qualitative Study. Disability and Rehabilitation, 44(20): 6000–6008.

Tymkew H, Taylor B, Vyers K, et al., 2023, Patient Perception of Fall Risk in the Acute Care Setting. AJN The American Journal of Nursing, 123(6): 20–25.

Arni P, Dragone D, Goette L, et al., 2021, Biased Health Perceptions and Risky Health Behaviors: Theory and Evidence. Journal of Health Economics, 76: 102425.

Lim M, Seow J, Ang S, et al., 2018, Disparity Between Perceived and Physiological Risks of Falling Among Older Patients in an Acute Care Hospital. Applied Nursing Research, 42: 77–82.

Gambaro E, Gramaglia C, Azzolina D, et al., 2022, The Complex Associations Between Late Life Depression, Fear of Falling and Risk of Falls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ageing Research Reviews, 73: 101532.

Delbaere K, Close J, Brodaty H, et al., 2010, Determinants of Disparities Between Perceived and Physiological Risk of Falling Among Elderly People: Cohort Study. BMJ, 341.

Xie M, Zhang Z, Zhang L, 2022, Reflections and Insights on Nurses’ Self-Assessments and Real-World Fall Incidents in the Management of Hospital Patient Falls. General Nursing, 20(4): 457–462.

Gamage N, Rathnayake N, Alwis G, 2018, Knowledge and Perception of Falls Among Community Dwelling Elderly: A Study from Southern Sri Lanka. Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research, 2018: 7653469.

Souza L, Batista R, Camapanharo C, et al., 2022, Factors Associated with Risk, Perception and Knowledge of Falls in Elderly People. Revista Gaúcha de Enfermagem, 43: e20200335.

Li L, Zhang J, Wen Z, et al., 2024, A Study on the Current Status and Influencing Factors of Fall Risk Perception Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults with Stroke. Military Nursing, 41(6): 14–17.

Tay P, Chan A, Tan P, et al., 2020, Sex Differences in Perceptions Toward Falls Among Older Adults Living in the Community in Singapore. Journal of Aging and Health, 32(10): 1355–1362.

Bai S, 2024, A Study on Factors Influencing Fear of Falling Among Hospitalized Elderly Diabetes Patients, thesis, Yangzhou University.

Zhang Y, Zhang K, 2023, Research Progress on Activity Limitations Related to Fear of Falling Among the Elderly. Chinese Journal of Nursing, 58(1): 112–116.

Sakurai R, Fujiwara Y, Ishihara M, et al., 2013, Age-Related Self-Overestimation of Step-Over Ability in Healthy Older Adults and Its Relationship to Fall Risk. BMC Geriatrics, 13: 44.

Mihaljcic T, Haines T, Ponsford J, et al., 2015, Self-Awareness of Falls Risk Among Elderly Patients: Characterizing Awareness Deficits and Exploring Associated Factors. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 96(12): 2145–2152.

Song J, Yang P, Liu G, et al., 2022, A Comparative Study of the U.S. CDC Community-Based Fall Risk Assessment and the Fall Function Scale in Assessing Fall Risk Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Chinese General Practice, 25(25): 3097–3100 + 3106.

Hughes K, Van B, Eakin E, et al., 2008, Older Persons' Perception of Risk of Falling: Implications for Fall-Prevention Campaigns. American Journal of Public Health, 98(2): 351–357.

Kerr L, Newman P, Russo P, 2023, “I Don't Want to Impose on Anybody”: Older People and Their Families Discuss Their Perceptions of Risk, Cause and Care in the Context of Falls. International Journal of Older People Nursing, 18(6): e12578.

Kantow S, Seangpraw K, Ong-Artborirak P, et al., 2021, Risk Factors Associated with Fall Awareness, Falls, and Quality of Life Among Ethnic Minority Older Adults in Upper Northern Thailand. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 16: 1777–1788.

Deligianni F, Guo Y, Yang G, 2019, From Emotions to Mood Disorders: A Survey on Gait Analysis Methodology. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, 23(6): 2302–2316.

Slovic P, 1987, Perception of Risk. Science, 236(4799): 280–285.

Hadjistavropoulos T, Delbaere K, Fitzgerald T, 2011, Reconceptualizing the Role of Fear of Falling and Balance Confidence in Fall Risk. Journal of Aging and Health, 23(1): 3–23.

Payette M, Bélanger C, Lévesque V, et al., 2016, Fall-Related Psychological Concerns and Anxiety Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One, 11(4): e0152848.

Young W, Olonilua M, Masters R, et al., 2016, Examining Links Between Anxiety, Reinvestment and Walking When Talking by Older Adults During Adaptive Gait. Experimental Brain Research, 234(1): 161–172.

Brailean A, Aartsen M, Muniz-Terrera G, et al., 2017, Longitudinal Associations Between Late-Life Depression Dimensions and Cognitive Functioning: A Cross-Domain Latent Growth Curve Analysis. Psychological Medicine, 47(4): 690–702.

Horton K, 2007, Gender and the Risk of Falling: A Sociological Approach. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 57(1): 69–76.

Ratcliffe J, Lancsar E, Flint T, et al., 2017, Does One Size Fit All? Assessing the Preferences of Older and Younger People for Attributes of Quality of Life. Quality of Life Research, 26(2): 299–309.

Peterson L, Meng H, Dobbs D, et al., 2017, Gender Differences in Mobility Device Use Among U.S. Older Adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series B, 72(5): 827–835.

Felber N, Tian Y, Pageau F, et al., 2023, Mapping Ethical Issues in the Use of Smart Home Health Technologies to Care for Older Persons: A Systematic Review. BMC Medical Ethics, 24(1): 24.

Curl A, Fitt H, Tomintz M, 2020, Experiences of the Built Environment, Falls and Fear of Falling Outdoors Among Older Adults: An Exploratory Study and Future Directions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4): 1224.

Lin Z, Yang Y, Kou Y, 2020, Metastereotypes of Older Adults and Their Impact on Social Interaction. Psychological Development and Education, 36(6): 686–693.

Zhang J, Lin S, 2019, Actor and Object Effects of Aging Stereotypes on Death Anxiety Among Elderly Couples. Psychological Science, 42(2): 372–378.

Pan W, Wen F, Zuo B, 2018, Age Stereotype Threat and Its Research Manipulation. Advances in Psychological Science, 26(9): 1670–1679.

Zhou S, Li Z, 2021, A Study on Factors Influencing Job Performance Under Age Stereotype Threat. Journal of the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 2021(6): 18–26.

Lin Y, Xu Z, Zeng Q, et al., 2025, A Study on Older Adults' Perception of Fall Risk and Preventive Behaviors Based on the Health Belief Model: A Systematic Review. Research on Aging, 13(4): 1–17.

Tang H, Vu H, Tang H, et al., 2023, Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Fall Risk Factors and Prevention Among Rural Older Community-Dwellers in Vietnam. PLoS One, 18(11): e0295119.

Hill A, McPhail S, Hoffmann T, et al., 2009, A Randomized Trial Comparing Digital Video Disc with Written Delivery of Falls Prevention Education for Older Patients in Hospital. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 57(8): 1458–1463.

Liu X, Xie Z, Xiao X, et al., 2018, Application of Case-Based Teach-Back in Health Education for Fall Prevention Among Cancer Patients. Chinese Clinical Nursing, 10(5): 424–426 + 430.

Sarmiento K, Lee R, 2017, STEADI: CDC's Approach to Make Older Adult Fall Prevention Part of Every Primary Care Practice. Journal of Safety Research, 63: 105–109.

Wu X, Huang Z, Ran B, 2021, Factors Contributing to Fear of Falling Among Hospitalized Elderly Patients and Recent Advances in Cognitive Behavioral Intervention. Modern Medicine and Health, 37(9): 1501–1504.

Pfeiffer K, Kampe K, Klenk J, et al., 2020, Effects of an Intervention to Reduce Fear of Falling and Increase Physical Activity During Hip and Pelvic Fracture Rehabilitation. Age and Ageing, 49(5): 771–778.

Xue Y, Ding Y, Yu J, et al., 2021, A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Cognitive Behavioral Intervention on Fear of Falling and Balance Ability in Older Adults. Nursing Research, 35(10): 1720–1725.

Song B, Liu C, Lv S, 2020, The Role of Moderate Physical Exercise in Reducing Fall Rates and Improving Cognitive Function in Older Adults. Chinese Journal of Gerontology, 40(4): 807–810.

Yun J, Lee J, 2015, Effects of a Thera-Band Exercise Program on Pain, Knee Flexion ROM, and Psychological Parameters Following Total Knee Arthroplasty. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 45(6): 823–833.

Haertner L, Elshehabi M, Zaunbrecher L, et al., 2018, Effect of Fear of Falling on Turning Performance in Parkinson's Disease in the Lab and at Home. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 10: 78.

Solares N, Calero P, Connelly C, 2023, Patient Perception of Fall Risk and Fall Risk Screening Scores. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 38(2): 100–106.