JCNRJournal of Clinical and Nursing Research2208-36852208-3693Bio-Byword Scientific Publishing Pty. Ltd.10.26689/jcnr.v6i3.3761ArticleAssociation Between Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) and the Reproductive System: A Narrative Reviewhttps://artdesignp.com/journal/JCNR/6/3/10.26689/jcnr.v6i3.3761FakhriYadolah2022632022-05-30In the last two decades, the issue on exposure to air pollution, especially fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and its health effects has been a global concern. PM2.5 can enter the bronchi, lung cells, and subsequently the body, thus causing adverse health effects. One of these health effects include damage to the reproductive system. However, this has not gained much attention. In addition, PM2.5 contain toxic compounds, such as heavy metals or PAHs, which can cross various barriers, including epithelial barrier and blood-testis barrier, causing hormonal disorders in both, men and women, thus resulting in infertility.  In this review, an attempt was made to provide useful information about effects of PM2.5 on the reproductive system.

Liu B, Shen L-J, Zhao T-X, et al., 2020, Automobile Exhaust-Derived PM 2.5 Induces Blood-Testis Barrier Damage Through ROS-MAPK-Nrf2 Pathway in Sertoli Cells of Rats. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 189: 110053.

Filonchyk M, 2022, Characteristics of the Severe March 2021 Gobi Desert Dust Storm and Its Impact on Air Pollution in China. Chemosphere, 287(3): 132219.

Ravindra K, Singh T, Sinha V, et al., 2021, Appraisal of Regional Haze Event and Its Relationship with PM 2.5 Concentration, Crop Residue Burning and Meteorology in Chandigarh, India. Chemosphere, 273: 128562.

Liu N, Zhou S, Liu C, et al., 2019, Synoptic Circulation Pattern and Boundary Layer Structure Associated with PM 2.5 During Wintertime Haze Pollution Episodes in Shanghai. Atmospheric Research, 228: 186-195.

Bu X, Xie Z, Liu J, et al., Global PM2.5-Attributable Health Burden from 1990 to 2017: Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Environmental Research, 197: 111123.

Al-Hamdan AZ, Albashaireh RN, Al-Hamdan MZ, et al., 2017, The Association of Remotely Sensed Outdoor Fine Particulate Matter with Cancer Incidence of Respiratory System in the USA. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng, 52(6): 547-554.

Dong Z, Su F, Zhang Z, et al., 2020, Observation of Chemical Components of PM2.5 and Secondary Inorganic Aerosol Formation During Haze and Sandy Haze Days in Zhengzhou, China. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 88: 316-325.

Song L, Bi X, Zhang Z, et al., 2022, Impact of Sand and Dust Storms on the Atmospheric Environment and Its Source in Tianjin-China. Science of the Total Environment, 825: 153980.

Alias NF, Khan MF, Sairi NA, et al., 2020, Characteristics, Emission Sources, and Risk Factors of Heavy Metals in PM2.5 from Southern Malaysia. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, 4(8): 1309-1323.

Han Y, Wang Z, Zhou J, et al., 2021, PM2.5-Bound Heavy Metals in Southwestern China: Characterization, Sources, and Health Risks. Atmosphere, 12(7): 929.

Hu X, Zhang Y, Ding Z, et al., 2012, Bioaccessibility and Health Risk of Arsenic and Heavy Metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Mn) in TSP and PM2.5 in Nanjing, China. Atmospheric Environment, 57: 146-152.

Sram RJ, Veleminsky Jr M, Veleminsky Sr M, et al., 2017, The Impact of Air Pollution to Central Nervous System in Children and Adults. Neuroendocrinology Letters, 38(6): 389-396.

Karottki DG, Spilak M, Frederiksen M, et al., 2013, An Indoor Air Filtration Study in Homes of Elderly: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Effects of Exposure to Particulate Matter. Environmental Health, 12(1): 1-10.

Xing Y-F, Xu Y-H, Shi M-H, et al., 2016, The Impact of PM2.5 on the Human Respiratory System. Journal of Thoracic Disease, 8(1): E69.

Hiura TS, Kaszubowski MP, Li N, et al., 1999, Chemicals in Diesel Exhaust Particles Generate Reactive Oxygen Radicals and Induce Apoptosis in Macrophages. The Journal of Immunology, 163(10): 5582-5591.

Janssen BG, Godderis L, Pieters N, et al., 2013, Placental DNA Hypomethylation in Association with Particulate Air Pollution in Early Life. Particle and Fibre Toxicology, 10(1): 1-11.

Janssen BG, Godderis L, Pieters N, et al., 2013, Placental DNA Hypomethylation in Association with Particulate Air Pollution in Early Life. ISEE Conference Abstracts, 2013(1): 4728.

Virtanen HE, Adamsson A, 2012, Cryptorchidism and Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 355(2): 208-220.

Onyije F, Nwanze MC, Alade GO, et al., 2018, Mimosa Pudica Protects the Testes Against Cadmium-Induced Inflammation and Oligospermia: Potential Benefits in Treatment of Heavy Metal Toxicity. Pathophysiology, 25(4): 293-297.

Liu X, Jin X, Su R, et al., 2017, The Reproductive Toxicology of Male SD Rats After PM2.5 Exposure Mediated by the Stimulation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Chemosphere, 189: 547-555.

Creasy DM, Chapin RE, 2013, Male Reproductive System, in Haschek and Rousseaux’s Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology, Elsevier, London, 2493-2598.

Clarke BL, Khosla S, 2010, Female Reproductive System and Bone. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 503(1): 118-128.

Zhou Z, Zheng D, Wu H, et al., 2018, Epidemiology of Infertility in China: A Population?Based Study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 125(4): 432-441.

Li X, Huang S, Jiao A, et al., 2017, Association Between Ambient Fine Particulate Matter and Preterm Birth or Term Low Birth Weight: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Environmental Pollution, 227: 596-605.

Jurewicz J, Dziewirska E, Radwan M, et al., 2018, Air Pollution from Natural and Anthropic Sources and Male Fertility. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 16(1): 1-18.

Kim J-Y, Lee E-Y, Choi I, et al., 2015, Effects of the Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM 2.5) on Lipoprotein Metabolism, Uptake and Degradation, and Embryo Toxicity. Molecules and Cells, 38(12): 1096.

Wan N, Xu Z, Liu T, et al., 2018, Ameliorative Effects of Selenium on Cadmium-Induced Injury in the Chicken Ovary: Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Cadmium-Induced Apoptosis. Biological Trace Element Research, 184(2): 463-473.

Lui WY, Lee WM, Cheng CY, 2003, TGF??s: Their Role in Testicular Function and Sertoli Cell Tight Junction Dynamics. International Journal of Andrology, 26(3): 147-160.

Dohle G, Smit M, Weber R, 2003, Androgens and Male Fertility. World Journal of Urology, 21(5): 341-345.

Cao X-N, Shen L-J, Wu S, et al., 2017, Urban Fine Particulate Matter Exposure Causes Male Reproductive Injury Through Destroying Blood-Testis Barrier (BTB) Integrity. Toxicology Letters, 266: 1-12.

Liu J, Ren L, Wei J, et al., 2018, Fine Particle Matter Disrupts the Blood–Testis Barrier by Activating TGF??3/P38 MAPK Pathway and Decreasing Testosterone Secretion in Rat. Environmental Toxicology, 33(7): 711-719.

Wei Y, Cao X-N, Tang X-L, et al., 2018, Urban Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Exposure Destroys Blood-Testis Barrier (BTB) Integrity Through Excessive ROS-Mediated Autophagy. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 28(4): 302-319.

Yang Y, Yang T, Liu S, et al., 2019, Concentrated Ambient PM2.5 Exposure Affects Mice Sperm Quality and Testosterone Biosynthesis. PeerJ, 7: e8109.

Zhou L, Su X, Li B, et al., 2019, PM2.5 Exposure Impairs Sperm Quality Through Testicular Damage Dependent on NALP3 Inflammasome and Mir-183/96/182 Cluster Targeting FOXO1 in Mouse. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 169: 551-563.

Mendiola J, Torres-Cantero AM, Moreno-Grau JM, et al., 2008, Exposure to Environmental Toxins in Males Seeking Infertility Treatment: A Case-Controlled Study. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 16(6): 842-850.

Cao X-N, Yan C, Liu D-Y, et al., 2015, Fine Particulate Matter Leads to Reproductive Impairment in Male Rats by Overexpressing Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K)/Protein Kinase B (Akt) Signaling Pathway. Toxicology Letters, 237(3): 181-190.

Hansen C, Luben TJ, Sacks JD, et al., 2010, The Effect of Ambient Air Pollution on Sperm Quality. Environmental Health Perspectives, 118(2): 203-209.

Deng Z, Chen F, Zhang M, et al., 2016, Association Between Air Pollution and Sperm Quality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Environmental Pollution, 208: 663-669.

Wang Y-X, Sun Y, Feng W, et al., 2016, Association of Urinary Metal Levels with Human Semen Quality: A Cross-Sectional Study in China. Environment International, 91: 51-59.

Ren J, Cui J, Chen Q, et al., 2020, Low-Level Lead Exposure Is Associated with Aberrant Sperm Quality and Reproductive Hormone Levels in Chinese Male Individuals: Results from the MARHCS Study Low-Level Lead Exposure Is Associated with Aberrant Sperm Quality. Chemosphere, 244: 125402.

Ahmed M, Al-Daghri N, Alokail MS, et al., 2013, Potential Changes in Rat Spermatogenesis and Sperm Parameters After Inhalation of Boswellia Papyrifera and Boswellia Carterii Incense. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(3): 830-844.

Qiu L, Chen M, Wang X, et al., 2018, Exposure to Concentrated Ambient PM 2.5 Compromises Spermatogenesis in A Mouse Model: Role of Suppression of Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonads Axis. Toxicological Sciences, 162(1): 318-326.

Smith LB, Walker WH, 2014, The Regulation of Spermatogenesis by Androgens, in Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology, Elsevier.

Mesquita SR, van Drooge BL, Oliveira E, et al., 2015, Differential Embryotoxicity of the Organic Pollutants in Rural and Urban Air Particles. Environmental Pollution, 206: 535-542.

Sharpe RM, 2010, Environmental/Lifestyle Effects on Spermatogenesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 365(1546): 1697-1712.

Apostoli P, Catalani S, 2010, Metal Ions Affecting Reproduction and Development. Met Ions Life Sci, 8: 263-303.

Geng H-X, Wang L, 2019, Cadmium: Toxic Effects on Placental and Embryonic Development. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 67: 102-107.

Johnson MD, Kenney N, Stoica A, et al., 2003, Cadmium Mimics the In Vivo Effects of Estrogen in the Uterus and Mammary Gland. Nature Medicine, 9(8):1081-1084.

Zhang J, Liu J, Ren L, et al., 2018, PM 2.5 Induces Male Reproductive Toxicity Via Mitochondrial Dysfunction, DNA Damage and RIPK1 Mediated Apoptotic Signaling Pathway. Science of the Total Environment, 634: 1435-1444.

Henson MC, Chedrese PJ, 2004, Endocrine Disruption by Cadmium, A Common Environmental Toxicant with Paradoxical Effects on Reproduction. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 229(5): 383-392.

Hofer N, Diel P, Wittsiepe J, et al., 2010, Investigations on the Estrogenic Activity of the Metallohormone Cadmium in the Rat Intestine. Archives of Toxicology, 84(7): 541-552.

Gaskins AJ, Minguez-Alarcon L, Fong KC, et al., 2019, Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Ovarian Reserve Among Women from A Fertility Clinic. Epidemiology, 30(4): 486.

Tomei G, Ciarrocca M, Fortunato BR, et al., 2006, Exposure to Traffic Pollutants and Effects on 17-?-Estradiol (E2) in Female Workers. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 80(1): 70-77.