JCNRJournal of Clinical and Nursing Research2208-36852208-3693Bio-Byword Scientific Publishing Pty. Ltd.10.26689/jcnr.v6i3.3906ArticleRespiratory Tract, Ventilation, and Pulmonary Functions Testshttps://artdesignp.com/journal/JCNR/6/3/10.26689/jcnr.v6i3.3906TonySara M,AbdelrahimMohamed EA2022632022-05-30Breathing is considered the common factor that links studying, sleeping, and activities. It is one of the primary indicators that is frequently considered when determining whether or not an unconscious individual is still alive. The evolution and development process of the respiratory system that occurs in a foetus is primarily from head to tail (cephalocaudal). Many changes occur throughout this period until the 28th week of pregnancy at which the foetus’s respiratory system will attain adequate development for the rest of his or her life. The respiratory system comprises of the lungs and the encompassing thoracic wall, which includes the thoracic cages, midriff (diaphragm), and the abdominal wall. Spirometry is a procedure used for estimating air volumes that enter and exit the pulmonary system with the aid of a spirometer. The various pulmonary parameters that reflect pulmonary ventilation are of great significance in diagnosing respiratory diseases. The respiratory system will be discussed in more detail in this article.

Nicpon-Marieb E, 2004, Respiratory System, in Human Anatomy & Physiology, Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, London, 828-880.

Tortora GJ, Grabowski SR, 2003, Respiratory System, in Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, Wiley, Chichester, New York, 806-846.

Berico M, Luciani A, Formignani M, 1997, Atmospheric Aerosol in an Urban Area – Measurements of TSP and PM10 Standards and Pulmonary Deposition Assessments. Atmos Environ, 31(21): 3659-3665.

Hillery AM, Lloyd AW, Swarbrick J, 2001, Pulmonary Drug Delivery, in Drug Delivery and Targeting for Pharmacists and Pharmaceutical Scientists, Taylor & Francis, London, 269-300.

Isohama Y, Kanemaru M, Kai H, et al., 2001, Interaction between [Beta]-Adrenergic Signaling and Protein Kinase C Increases Cytoplasmic Ca2+ in Alveolar Type II Cells. Life Sci, 68(21): 2361-2371.

Kresch MJ, Lima DM, Lu H, 1996, Developmental Regulation of Phospholipid Secretion by Fetal Type II Pneumocytes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Lipids and Lipid Metabolism, 1299(1): 39-46.

Singh TK, Abonyo B, Narasaraju TA, et al., 2004, Reorganization of Cytoskeleton During Surfactant Secretion in Lung Type II Cells: A Role of Annexin II. Cell Signal, 16(1): 63-70.

Netter FH, 1979, CIBA Collection of Medical Illustrations, CIBA Pharmaceutical Co, Summit, NJ, 60.

Seeley RR, Trent DS, Tate P, 2000, Respiratory System, in Anatomy and Physiology, McGraw-Hill, Boston, MA & London, 737-776.