<?xml version="1.1" encoding="utf-8"?>
<article xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/xsd/JATS-journalpublishing1-mathml3.xsd" dtd-version="1.1" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JCNR</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Clinical and Nursing Research</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn>2208-3685</issn><eissn>2208-3693</eissn><publisher><publisher-name>Bio-Byword Scientific Publishing Pty. Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26689/jcnr.v8i6.7032</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title>Research Progress on the Anti-Atherosclerotic Effect and Mechanism of Tetramethylpyrazine</title><url>https://artdesignp.com/journal/JCNR/8/6/10.26689/jcnr.v8i6.7032</url><author>GongShengyang,CaoZheng</author><pub-date pub-type="publication-year"><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>6</issue><history><date date-type="pub"><published-time>2024-07-17</published-time></date></history><abstract>Atherosclerosis is a chronic vascular disease and the most common pathological change of cardiovascular disease. Its pathogenesis is closely related to inflammation, oxidative stress, lipid accumulation, and calcinosis. Tetramethylpyrazine plays an anti-atherosclerotic role by regulating lipid metabolism, inhibiting foam cell formation, alleviating inflammation, inhibiting vascular calcification and abnormal platelet activation, and has a cardiovascular protective effect. Therefore, this paper summarized the research progress of the anti-atherosclerosis effect and mechanism of tetramethylpyrazine.</abstract><keywords/></article-meta></front><body/><back><ref-list><ref id="B1" content-type="article"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>The Writing Committee of the Report on Cardiovascular Health Diseases in China, 2023, Interpretation of Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases in China 2022. Chinese Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine, 28(04): 297–312.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B2" content-type="article"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Libby P, Buring JE, Badimon L, et al., 2019, Atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 5(1): 56.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B3" content-type="article"><label>3</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Libby P, 2021, The Changing Landscape of Atherosclerosis. Nature, 592(7855): 524–533.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B4" content-type="article"><label>4</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Lin J, Wang Q, Zhou S, et al., 2022, Tetramethylpyrazine: A Review on Its Mechanisms and Functions. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, (150): 113005.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B5" content-type="article"><label>5</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Xu P, Zhai Y, Wang J, 2018, The Role of PPAR and Its Cross-Talk with CAR and LXR in Obesity and Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci, 19(4): 1260.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B6" content-type="article"><label>6</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Fu R, Zhang Y, Guo Y, et al., 2014, Digital Gene Expression Analysis of the Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Mechanisms of Ligustrazine and Puerarin in Rat Atherosclerosis. Gene, 552(1): 75–80.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B7" content-type="article"><label>7</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Zhang Y, Ren P, Kang Q, et al., 2017, Effect of Tetramethylpyrazine on Atherosclerosis and SCAP/SREBP-1c Signaling Pathway in ApoE-/- Mice Fed with a High-Fat Diet. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, (2017): 1–8.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B8" content-type="article"><label>8</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Brown MS, Radhakrishnan A, Goldstein JL, 2018, Retrospective on Cholesterol Homeostasis: The Central Role of Scap. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 87(1): 783–807.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B9" content-type="article"><label>9</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Jiang F, Qian J, Chen S, et al., 2011, Ligustrazine Improves Atherosclerosis in Rat Via Attenuation of Oxidative Stress. Pharmaceutical biology, 49(8): 856–863.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B10" content-type="article"><label>10</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Wang G, Shi C, Sun M, et al., 2013, Tetramethylpyrazine Attenuates Atherosclerosis Development and Protects Endothelial Cells from ox-LDL. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy, 27(3): 199–210.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B11" content-type="article"><label>11</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Duan J, Xiang D, Luo H, et al., 2017, Tetramethylpyrazine Suppresses Lipid Accumulation in Macrophages Via Upregulation of the ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters and Downregulation of Scavenger Receptors. Oncol Rep, 38(4): 2267–2276.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B12" content-type="article"><label>12</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Wolf D, Ley K, 2019, Immunity and Inflammation in Atherosclerosis. Circulation Research, 124(2): 315–327.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B13" content-type="article"><label>13</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Falck-Hansen M, Kassiteridi C, Monaco C, 2013, Toll-Like Receptors in Atherosclerosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 14(7): 14008–14023.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B14" content-type="article"><label>14</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Li X, He J, Liu H, et al., 2009, Tetramethylpyrazine Suppresses Interleukin-8 Expression in LPS-Stimulated Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell by Blocking ERK, p38 and Nuclear Factor-KappaB Signaling Pathways. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 125(1): 83–89.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B15" content-type="article"><label>15</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Chen J, Wang H, Gao C, et al., 2019, Tetramethylpyrazine Alleviates LPS-Induced Inflammatory Injury in HUVECs by Inhibiting Rho/ROCK Pathway. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 514(1): 329–335.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B16" content-type="article"><label>16</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Chrissobolis S, Miller AA, Drummond GR, et al., 2011, Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction in Cerebrovascular Disease. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed), 16(5): 1733–1745.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B17" content-type="article"><label>17</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Forstermann U, Xia N, Li H, 2017, Roles of Vascular Oxidative Stress and Nitric Oxide in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Circulation Research, 120(4): 713–735.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B18" content-type="article"><label>18</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Li WM, Liu HT, Li XY, et al., 2010, The Effect of Tetramethylpyrazine on Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Damage in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, 106(1): 45–52.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B19" content-type="article"><label>19</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Fan X, Wang E, He J, et al., 2019, Ligustrazine Protects Homocysteine-Induced Apoptosis in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells by Modulating Mitochondrial Dysfunction. J Cardiovasc Transl Res, 12(6): 591–599.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B20" content-type="article"><label>20</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Ni X, Wong SL, Wong CM, et al., 2014, Tetramethylpyrazine Protects against Hydrogen Peroxide-Provoked Endothelial Dysfunction in Isolated Rat Aortic Rings: Implications for Antioxidant Therapy of Vascular Diseases. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, (2014): 1–10.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B21" content-type="article"><label>21</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Li H, Yang M, 2022, Ligustrazine Activates the PPAR-Gamma Pathway and Plays a Protective Role in Vascular Calcification. Vascular, 30(6): 1224–1231.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B22" content-type="article"><label>22</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Camare C, Pucelle M, Negre-Salvayre A, et al., 2017, Angiogenesis in the Atherosclerotic Plaque. Redox Biol, (12): 18–34.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B23" content-type="article"><label>23</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Wang L, Li G, Chen Q, et al., 2015, Octanoylated Ghrelin Attenuates Angiogenesis Induced by ox-LDL in Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells Via the GHSR1a-Mediated NF-KappaB Pathway. Metabolism, 64(10): 1262–1271.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B24" content-type="article"><label>24</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Apte RS, Chen DS, Ferrara N, 2019, VEGF in Signaling and Disease: Beyond Discovery and Development. Cell, 176(6): 1248–1264.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B25" content-type="article"><label>25</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Park JA, Kwon YG, 2018, Hippo-YAP/TAZ Signaling in Angiogenesis. BMB Rep, 51(3): 157–162.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B26" content-type="article"><label>26</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Yuan R, Shi W, Xin Q, et al., 2018, Tetramethylpyrazine and Paeoniflorin Inhibit Oxidized LDL-Induced Angiogenesis in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells Via VEGF and Notch Pathways. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, (2018): 1–12.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B27" content-type="article"><label>27</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Zhu X, Shan Y, Yu M, et al., 2021, Tetramethylpyrazine Ameliorates Peritoneal Angiogenesis by Regulating VEGF/Hippo/YAP Signaling. Frontiers in Pharmacology, (12): 649581.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B28" content-type="article"><label>28</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Sheu JR, Kan YC, Hung WC, et al., 1997, Mechanisms Involved in the Antiplatelet Activity of Tetramethylpyrazine in Human Platelets. Thromb Res, 88(3): 259–270.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B29" content-type="article"><label>29</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Zhang Y, Ma XJ, Guo CY, et al., 2016, Pretreatment with a Combination of Ligustrazine and Berberine Improves Cardiac Function in Rats with Coronary Microembolization. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 37(4): 463–472.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B30" content-type="article"><label>30</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Sheu JR, Kan YC, Hung WC, et al., 2000, The Antiplatelet Activity of Tetramethylpyrazine is Mediated Through Activation of NO Synthase. Life Sci, 67(8): 937–947.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B31" content-type="article"><label>31</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Li L, Chen H, Shen A, et al., 2019, Ligustrazine Inhibits Platelet Activation Via Suppression of the Akt Pathway. Int J Mol Med, 43(1): 575–582.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B32" content-type="article"><label>32</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Vinchi F, Porto G, Simmelbauer A, et al., 2020, Atherosclerosis is Aggravated by Iron Overload and Ameliorated by Dietary and Pharmacological Iron Restriction. European Heart Journal, 41(28): 2681–2695.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B33" content-type="article"><label>33</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Zhou Q, Chen S, Li H, et al., 2020, Tetramethylpyrazine Alleviates Iron Overload Damage in Vascular Endothelium Via Upregulating DDAHII Expression. Toxicology in Vitro, (65): 104817.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B34" content-type="article"><label>34</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Zhang M, Sun MY, Guo CY, et al., 2019, Effect of Tetramethylpyrazine and Hyperlipidemia on Hepcidin Homeostasis in Mice. Int J Mol Med, 43(1): 501–506.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
