JERAJournal of Electronic Research and Application2208-35022208-3510Bio-Byword Scientific Publishing Pty. Ltd.10.26689/jera.v10i3.14636ArticleA Zero-Dynamics Attack Detection Method for Offshore Wind Power Systemshttps://artdesignp.com/journal/JERA/10/3/10.26689/jera.v10i3.14636ChenKaige,LiHongran,ZhangZeyu,ZhongZhaoman,HuLei20261032026-04-22With the increase in the scale and complexity of offshore wind power systems, zero-dynamics attacks pose a severe threat to the cyber security of such systems. Their concealment makes them difficult to detect using traditional output observation-based methods. To address this problem, this paper proposes a zero-dynamics attack detection framework integrating adaptive watermarking and Kalman filtering, which achieves effective attack identification by embedding an adaptive watermark into the system input and conducting residual analysis. Simulation results show that the proposed method can quickly detect zero-dynamics attacks without affecting the normal operation of the system.

Knack A, Syn Y, Tam K, 2021, Enhancing the Cyber Resilience of Offshore Wind. Energy Systems Catapult, 2021: 47.

Lee S, Huh J, 2019, An Effective Security Measures for Nuclear Power Plant using Big Data Analysis Approach. Journal of Supercomputing, 75(8): 4251–4267.

Davis R, Keskin O, 2024, Cyber Threat Modeling for Water and Wastewater Systems: Contextualizing STRIDE and DREAD with the Current Cyber Threat Landscape, 2024 Systems and Information Engineering Design Symposium (SIEDS), 1–6.

Mukherjee D, 2022, Data-Driven False Data Injection Attack: A Low-Rank Approach. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 13(3): 2479–2482.

Shim H, Back J, Eun Y, et al., 2022, Zero-Dynamics Attack, Variations, and Countermeasures, 117–140.

Pasha S, Ayub A, 2021, Zero-Dynamics Attacks on Networked Control Systems. Journal of Process Control, 2021(105): 99–107.

Li X, Jiang C, Du D, et al., 2023, A Novel State Estimation Method for Smart Grid under Consecutive Denial of Service Attacks. IEEE Systems Journal, 17(1): 513–524.

Zheng C, Wang X, Luo X, et al., 2022, An OpenPLC-based Active Real-Time Anomaly Detection Framework for Industrial Control Systems, 2022 China Automation Congress (CAC), 6028–6033.

Jin S, 2024, False Data Injection Attack Against Smart Power Grid based on Incomplete Network Information. Electric Power Systems Research, 2024(230): 110294.

Hoehn A, Zhang P, 2016, Detection of Covert Attacks and Zero Dynamics Attacks in Cyber-Physical Systems, 2016 American Control Conference (ACC), 396–401.

Wang Z, Zhang H, Cao X, et al., 2024, Modeling and Detection Scheme for Zero-Dynamics Attack on Wind Power System. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 15(1): 934–943.

Sheng L, Li C, Gao M, et al., 2025, A Review of SCADA-based Condition Monitoring for Wind Turbines via Artificial Neural Networks. Neurocomputing, 2025(633): 129830.

Amin M, El-Sousy F, Aziz G, et al., 2021, CPS Attacks Mitigation Approaches on Power Electronic Systems with Security Challenges for Smart Grid Applications: A Review. IEEE Access, 2021(9): 38571–38601.

Le H, Dang P, Pham A, et al., 2020, System Identifications of a 2DOF Pendulum Controlled by QUBE-Servo and its Unwanted Oscillation Factors. Archive of Mechanical Engineering, 67(3): 435–450.

Weller S, Moran W, Ninness B, et al., 2001, Sampling Zeros and the Euler-Frobenius Polynomials. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 46(2): 340–343.