PARProceedings of Anticancer Research2208-35452208-3553Bio-Byword Scientific Publishing Pty. Ltd.10.26689/par.v7i1.4681ArticleAdvances in Biomarkers for Multiple Myelomahttps://artdesignp.com/journal/PAR/7/1/10.26689/par.v7i1.4681YangChao,QiJi,JiaTianhong,RanJingping,CuiWenxuan2023712023-01-12Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common malignancy in hematology. MM is characterized by the malignant proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow, accompanied by the secretion of monoclonal immunoglobulin, mainly occurring in the elderly. The clinical manifestations of MM include renal dysfunction, bone destruction, infection, anemia, hemorrhage, hypercalcemia, and hyperviscosity syndrome. The recent discovery of biomarkers related to the diagnosis or prognosis of MM provides an important basis for the diagnosis and treatment of MM. This paper reviews the research progress of biomarkers expressed in tissues and peripheral blood at home and abroad.

Jurczyszyn A, Waszczuk-Gajda A, Castillo JJ, et al., 2020, Primary Refractory Multiple Myeloma: A Real-World Experience with 85 Cases. Leuk Lymphoma, 61(12): 2868–2875.

Sheinkh SP, Irfan SM, Sheikh SS, 2020, Types of Paraproteinemia in Patients with Multiple Myeloma: A Cross-Sectional Study. J PAK Med Assoc, 70(2): 264–267.

Wei Y, Huang Z, 2020, Advances in the Evolution and Early Diagnosis of Multiple Myeloma. J Oncology, 26(2): 81–85.

Miao J, Huang C, Liu Y, et al., 2021, Research Progress of Circulating Tumor Cells in Primary Bone Tumors. Oncology Research and Clinical, 33(10): 789–793.

Foulk B, Schaffer M, Gross S, et al., 2018, Enumeration and Characterization of Circulating Multiple Myeloma Cells in Patients with Plasma Cell Disorders. Br J Haematol, 180(1): 71–81.

Xin C, Wu H, Liu C, et al., 2018, Application and Research Progress of Liquid Biopsy in Multiple Myeloma. International Journal of Laboratory Medicine, 39(10): 1168–1172.

Saudy-Szczyrek A, Mlak R, Mielnik M, et al., 2022, Circulating Serum miRNA-8074 as a Novel Prognostic Biomarker for Multiple Myeloma. Cell, 11(4): 752–792.

Croce CM, 2009, Causes and Consequences of microRNA Dysregulation in Cancer. Nat Rev Genet, 10: 704–714.

Zhang L, Zhou L, Shi M, et al., 2018, Downregulation of miRNA-15a and miRNA-16 Promote Tumor Proliferation in Multiple Myeloma by Increasing CABIN1 Expression. Oncol Lett, 15: 1287–1296.

Li J, Zhang M, Wang C, 2020, Circulating miRNAs as Diagnostic Biomarkers for Multiple Myeloma and Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance. J Clin Lab Anal, 34(6): e23233.

Zhang Y, Chen H, Lu X, et al., 2020, Expression and Clinical Significance of Serum Exosome miR-223-3p in Patients with Multiple Myeloma. Chinese Journal of Laboratory Medicine, 2020(12): 446–451.

Li J, Gu Y, Liu Z, 2019, The Utility of Serum Exosomal microRNAs in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother, 111: 1221–1227.

Allegra A, Di Gioacchino M, Tonacci A, et al., 2021, Multiple Myeloma Cell-Derived Exosomes: Implications on Tumorigenesis, Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapeutic Strategies. Cells, 10(11): 2865.

Zhang L, Pan L, Xiang B, et al., 2016, Potential Role of Exosome-Associated microRNA Panels and In Vivo Environment to Predict Drug Resistance for Patients with Multiple Myeloma. Oncotarget, 7: 30876–30891.

Malavasi F, Deaglio S, Funaro A, et al., 2008, Evolution and Function of the ADP Ribosyl Cyclase/CD38 Gene Family in Physiology and Pathology. Physiol Rev, 88(3): 841–886.

Li K, Guan X, 2002, Effect Analysis of Three Detection Methods for CD38 Monoclonal Antibody in the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma Before Blood Transfusion Compatibility Detection. Chinese Journal of Health Inspection, 32(11): 1366–1369.

Fichs KA, Nagy NA, Lindenbergh PL, et al., 2018, CD38-Targeting Antibodies in Multiple Myeloma: Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Experience. Expert Rev Clin Immunol, 14(3): 197.

Geng C, Yang G, Wang H, et al., 2015, Analysis of the Relationship Between CD56 and Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma. Chin J Internal Medicine, 54(12): 1066–1070.

Huang X, Niu T, Wei C, et al., Multiple Myeloma Tumor Cell CD56 Table the Relationship Between Medullary Disease and Extramedullary Recurrence. Chinese Journal of Experimental Hematology, 201, 29(2): 553–556.

Oka S, Ono K, Nohgawa M, 2020, Clinical Effects of CD45 on the Prognosis of Extramedullary Myeloma Relapse. J Clin Pharm Ther, 45(1): 144–151.

Costa F, Marchica V, Storti P, et al., 2021, PD-L1/PD-1 Axis in Multiple Myeloma Microenvironment and a Possible Link with CD38-Mediated Immune-Suppression. Cancers (Basel), 13(2): 164.

Korkmaz S, Erdem S, Akay E, et al., 2019, Do PD-1 and PD-L2 Expressions Have Prognostic Impact in Hematologic Malignancies?. Turk J Med Sci, 49(1): 265–271.

Ma Y, Yang K, Yang X, et al., 2021, T-Cell Subsets and Myeloma Cells in Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma Patients Expression and Significance of PD-1, PD-L1 and PD-L2. Cancer Prevention Research, 49(1): 40–45.

Wang S, Wang C, Wang W, et al., 2020, Adiponectin Receptor Agonist AdipoRon Inhibits the Proliferation of Myeloma Cells via the AMPK/Autophagy Pathway. Chinese Journal of Experimental Hematology, 28(1): 171–176.

Hofmann JN, Mailankody S, Korde N, et al., 2017, Circulating Adiponectin Levels Differ Between Patients with Multiple Myeloma and Its Precursor Disease. Obesity (Silver Spring), 25(8): 1317–1320.