<?xml version="1.1" encoding="utf-8"?>
<article xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/xsd/JATS-journalpublishing1-mathml3.xsd" dtd-version="1.1" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">SSR</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Scientific and Social Research</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn>2661-4332</issn><eissn>2981-9946</eissn><publisher><publisher-name>Bio-Byword Scientific Publishing Pty. Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26689/ssr.v6i3.6350</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title>Methods for Fabrication of Freestanding Nanocellulose Film as a Sustainable Material for Packaging and Biomedical Applications: A Review</title><url>https://artdesignp.com/journal/SSR/6/3/10.26689/ssr.v6i3.6350</url><author>ShanmugamKirubanandan</author><pub-date pub-type="publication-year"><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>3</issue><history><date date-type="pub"><published-time>2024-03-27</published-time></date></history><abstract>Biopolymers are a sustainable alternative to traditional plastics in the medical and packaging fields. Biopolymers are biodegradable and can be used to reduce plastic pollution. They are derived from renewable resources like cornstarch, sugarcane, or cellulose. Cellulose nanomaterials have the potential to revolutionize various industries. However, the production process of nanocellulose films is time-consuming, and there is a need for quick and adaptable methods to fabricate these films. Techniques such as solvent casting, spin coating, roll-to-roll printing, layer-by-layer assembly, vacuum filtration, and spraying are used to fabricate free-standing nanocellulose films, each with its advantages and limitations. The spraying process shows promise in producing nanocellulose films quickly and efficiently. In addition to that, the need for free-standing nanocellulose films in medical packaging and tissue engineering areas was admirable. However, the rapid process for fabrication of the film should be developed for large-scale production and commercialization of films.</abstract><keywords/></article-meta></front><body/><back><ref-list><ref id="B1" content-type="article"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Varanasi S, Batchelor WJ, 2013, Rapid Preparation of Cellulose Nanofibre Sheet. Cellulose, 20(1): 211–215.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B2" content-type="article"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Aulin C, Gällstedt M, Lindström T, 2010, Oxygen and Oil Barrier Properties of Microfibrillated Cellulose Films and Coatings. Cellulose, 17(3): 559–574.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B3" content-type="article"><label>3</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Nair SS, Zhu JY, Deng Y, et al., 2014, High-Performance Green Barriers Based on Nanocellulose. Sustainable Chemical Processes, 2(1): 23.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B4" content-type="article"><label>4</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Shanmugam K, 2021, Spray Coated Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) Film as an Eco-Friendly Substrate for Flexible and Printed Electronics. Online Journal of Engineering Sciences, 2021: 68–81.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B5" content-type="article"><label>5</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Norfarhana A, Ilyas R, Ngadi N, 2022, A Review of Nanocellulose Adsorptive Membrane as Multifunctional Wastewater Treatment. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2022: 119563.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B6" content-type="article"><label>6</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Manukyan L, Li P, Gustafsson S, et al., 2019, Growth Media Filtration Using Nanocellulose-Based Virus Removal Filter for Upstream Biopharmaceutical Processing. Journal of Membrane Science, 572: 464–474.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B7" content-type="article"><label>7</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Garusinghe UM, Varanasi S, Raghuwanshi VS, et al., 2018, Nanocellulose-Montmorillonite Composites of Low Water Vapour Permeability. Colloids and Surfaces. A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 540: 233–241.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B8" content-type="article"><label>8</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Werrett MV, Herdman ME, Brammananth R, et al., 2018, Bismuth Phosphinates in Bi?Nanocellulose Composites and Their Efficacy Towards Multi?Drug Resistant Bacteria. Chemistry–A European Journal, 24(49): 12938–12949.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B9" content-type="article"><label>9</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Maliha M, Herdman M, Brammanath R, et al., 2020, Bismuth Phosphinate Incorporated Nanocellulose Sheets with Antimicrobial and Barrier Properties for Packaging Applications. Journal of Cleaner Production, 246: 119016.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B10" content-type="article"><label>10</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Luo H, Cha R, Li J, et al., 2019, Advances in Tissue Engineering of Nanocellulose-Based Scaffolds: A Review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 224: 115144.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B11" content-type="article"><label>11</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Shanmugam K, 2021, Preparation of Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF)–Montmorillonite (MMT) Nanocomposite via Spray Coating Process. J. Mater. Sci. Surf. Eng., 8: 978–986.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B12" content-type="article"><label>12</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Shanmugam K, 2022, Spray Coated Cellulose Nanofiber Laminates on the Paper to Enhance its Barrier and Mechanical Properties. Journal of Sustainability and Environmental Management, 1(1): 10–17.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B13" content-type="article"><label>13</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Souza EL, Gottschalk L, Freitas-Silva O, 2020. Overview of Nanocellulose in Food Packaging: Recent Patents on Food. Nutrition &amp; Agriculture, 11(2): 154–167.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B14" content-type="article"><label>14</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Shanmugam K, 2019, Spray-Coated Nanocellulose Films-Production, Characterization, and Applications, thesis, Monash University.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B15" content-type="article"><label>15</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Shanmugam K, 2021, Development of Cellulose Nanofibre (CNF) Coating on (1) Metal Surface for Free Standing CNF Film and (2) Paper Substrates for CNF Barrier Laminates. Online Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2021: 10–36.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B16" content-type="article"><label>16</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Syverud K, Stenius P, 2009, Strength and Barrier Properties of MFC Films-Table O2 Permeability. Cellulose, 16(1): 75–85.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B17" content-type="article"><label>17</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Shanmugam K, Browne C, 2021, Chapter 10: Nanocellulose and its Composite Films: Applications, Properties, Fabrication Methods, and Their Limitations, in Nanoscale Processing, Elsevier, 247–297.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B18" content-type="article"><label>18</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Sehaqui H, Liu A, Zhou Q, et al., 2010, Fast Preparation Procedure for Large, Flat Cellulose and Cellulose/Inorganic Nanopaper Structures. Biomacromolecules, 11(9): 2195–2198.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B19" content-type="article"><label>19</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Czerwonatis N, 2008, Spray Coating – A Contactless Coating Process for Paper Finishing. Proceedings of the TECH 31 Tape Summit, 7–9.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B20" content-type="article"><label>20</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Shanmugam K, Varanasi S, Garnier G, et al., 2017, Rapid Preparation of Smooth Nanocellulose Films Using Spray Coating. Cellulose, 24(7): 2669–2676.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B21" content-type="article"><label>21</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Magnusson J, 2016, Method for Spraying of Free-Standing 3D Structures with MFC: Creation and Development of a Method, thesis, Karlstad University.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B22" content-type="article"><label>22</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Beneventi D, Chaussy D, Curtil D, et al., 2014, Highly Porous Paper Loading with Microfibrillated Cellulose by Spray Coating on Wet Substrates. Industrial &amp; Engineering Chemistry Research, 53(27): 10982–10989.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B23" content-type="article"><label>23</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Shanmugam K, Nadeem H, Brown C, et al., 2020, Engineering Surface Roughness of Nanocellulose Film via Spraying to Produce Smooth Substrates. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 589: 124396.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B24" content-type="article"><label>24</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Beneventi D, Zeno E, Chaussy D, 2015, Rapid Nanopaper Production by Spray Deposition of Concentrated Microfibrillated Cellulose Slurries. Industrial Crops and Products, 72: 200–205.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
