<?xml version="1.1" encoding="utf-8"?>
<article xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/xsd/JATS-journalpublishing1-mathml3.xsd" dtd-version="1.1" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">SSR</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Scientific and Social Research</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn>2661-4332</issn><eissn>2981-9946</eissn><publisher><publisher-name>Bio-Byword Scientific Publishing Pty. Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26689/ssr.v7i8.12019</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title>A Study of Sense of Virtual Community: Empirical Realities and Structural Aspirations</title><url>https://artdesignp.com/journal/SSR/7/8/10.26689/ssr.v7i8.12019</url><author>ChenJuan,YanBaoqin</author><pub-date pub-type="publication-year"><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><issue>8</issue><history><date date-type="pub"><published-time>2025-09-17</published-time></date></history><abstract>This study investigates the development of a sense of virtual community (SOVC) within a WeChat-based professional learning community for foreign language instructors in China. Grounded in McMillan &amp;amp; Chavis’s (1986) four-dimensional framework—membership, influence, needs fulfillment, and shared emotional connection—the research employs a modified Sense of Community Index (SCI) to assess 192 instructors’ perceptions. Findings reveal a paradoxical duality: while the community demonstrates strong instrumental functionality and symbolic identity, critical relational dimensions remain fragmented. Membership shows robust shared purpose, yet influence is hindered by low member familiarity and ambivalent commitment. Emotional connection relies heavily on past collective experiences and future optimism but lacks consistent present-day engagement. The study attributes these gaps to cultural factors and structural over-reliance on administrative efficiency. To reconcile these tensions, the authors propose a cyber-physical integration framework leveraging WeChat’s native features, including tiered identity systems, rotating moderation, and anonymized emotional support channels. The results highlight the need to balance transactional utility with communal praxis in virtual professional learning environments, offering actionable insights for designing human-centered digital communities in post-pandemic education.</abstract><keywords/></article-meta></front><body/><back><ref-list><ref id="B1" content-type="article"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Wellman B, 2001, Computer Networks as Social Networks. Science, 293(5537): 2031–2034.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B2" content-type="article"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Kozinets RV, 2015, Netnography: Redefined, 2nd ed. SAGE Publications, Los Angeles.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B3" content-type="article"><label>3</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Jenkins H, 2006, Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. NYU Press, New York.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B4" content-type="article"><label>4</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>UNESCO, 2023, Global Education Monitoring Report 2023: Technology in Education—A Tool on whose Terms? UNESCO. https://www.unesco.org/gem-report/en/2023</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B5" content-type="article"><label>5</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>OECD, 2023, Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) 2023: Teachers and School Leaders as Lifelong Learners. OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/education/talis/</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B6" content-type="article"><label>6</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>McMillan DW, Chavis DM, 1986, Sense of Community: A Definition and Theory. Journal of Community Psychology, 14(1): 6–23.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B7" content-type="article"><label>7</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Tonnies F, Loomis CP, 1999, Community and Society (Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft). Dover Publications, New York.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B8" content-type="article"><label>8</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Zhang ZM, Zhao SK, Ren ZG, et al., 2010, The Definition, Connotation, and Formation of Community: A Review of Community Research. Science Research Management, 31(3): 105–113.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B9" content-type="article"><label>9</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Sheng YX, Zhou YY, Wu J, 2020, Research on the Influencing Factors of the Effectiveness of WeChat Community Management. 5th International Conference on Modern Management and Education Technology (MMET 2020), Atlantis Press, 284–291.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B10" content-type="article"><label>10</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Wellman B, Gulia M, 1999, Virtual Communities as Communities, in Communities in Cyberspace. Routledge, London, 167–194.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B11" content-type="article"><label>11</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Balasubramanian M, 2001, The Economic Leverage of the Virtual Community. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 5(3): 103–138.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B12" content-type="article"><label>12</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Obst P, Smith SG, Zinkiewicz L, 2004, Revisiting the Sense of Community Index: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Journal of Community Psychology, 30(1): 119–133. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.10096</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B13" content-type="article"><label>13</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Abfalter D, Zaglia ME, Muller J, 2012, Sense of Virtual Community: A Follow Up on Its Measurement. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(2): 400–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.10.010</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B14" content-type="article"><label>14</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Blanchard AL, Markus ML, 2004, The Experienced “Sense” of a Virtual Community: Characteristics and Processes. ACM SIGMIS Database: The DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems, 35(1): 64–79. https://doi.org/10.1145/968464.968470</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B15" content-type="article"><label>15</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Bozkurt A, Jung I, Xiao J, et al., 2023, A Global Outlook to the Interruption of Education due to COVID-19 Pandemic: Navigating in a Time of Uncertainty and Crisis. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 18(1): 1–126. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3878572</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B16" content-type="article"><label>16</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Xie T, Liu J, Wang Y, et al., 2024, Can Interaction with Generative Artificial Intelligence Enhance Learning Autonomy? A Longitudinal Study from Comparative Perspectives of Virtual Companionship and Knowledge Acquisition Preferences. Computers &amp; Education, 2024(215): 105012.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B17" content-type="article"><label>17</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Intaratat, K, Osman Z, Nguyen HT, et al., 2024, Peer and Tutor Interaction Effects on Collaborative Learning: The Role of Learning Self-efficacy. Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology, 8(1): 15–28.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B18" content-type="article"><label>18</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Wen QF, 2020, Accelerating the Internationalization of Applied Linguistics in China: Reflections and Recommendations. Modern Foreign Languages, 43(5): 585–592.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B19" content-type="article"><label>19</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Zhang LL, Zhang WJ, 2022, Building Emotional Connections in Cloud-based Communities: A Critical Incident Approach. Technology Enhanced Foreign Language Education, 2022(6): 21–25 + 104.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B20" content-type="article"><label>20</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Wen QF, Bi Z, 2022, Principles and Applications of Cognitive Connection Formation in Cloud-based Teaching-research Communities. Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics, 5(1): 4–12 + 88.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref><ref id="B21" content-type="article"><label>21</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><p>Sun SG, Zhang H, 2022, Research on Establishing Social Connections between Members and Facilitators in Cloud-based Teaching-research Communities. Journal of Distance Education, 40(3): 13–20 + 88.</p><pub-id pub-id-type="doi"/></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
